Term
| What are the two principle assumptions of social psych? |
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Definition
| Social Influence and Social Construal |
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Term
| What is Social Psychology? |
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Definition
| The way people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people |
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Term
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Definition
| The effect that the words, actions, or presence of others have on our thoughts, feelings, and behavior |
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Term
| What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? |
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Definition
| The tendency to overestimate the amount of behavior due to the disposition of the individual and underestimate the role of situational factors |
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Term
| What is Social Construal? |
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Definition
| The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world |
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Term
| What is the Self Esteem Approach based on? |
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Definition
| Based on the need to feel good about oneself (rosy retrospection, unrealistic optimism, better than average effects, cognitive dissonance) |
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Term
| What is the Social Cognition Approach based on? |
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Definition
| Based on the need to view the world accurately (self-fulfilling prophecy) |
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Term
| How do you interpret strong and weak situations? |
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Definition
| You can glean more from a person’s personality when they are in a weak situation than if they are in a strong situation. A strong situation can bend people’s actions, whereas a weak situation reflects the character in a socially vague situation. |
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Term
| What's the difference between Social Psych and Personality Psych? |
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Definition
| Personality psychologists focus on the personality of the individual but social psychologists focus on the situation |
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Term
| How is Social Psych related to Philosophy? |
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Definition
| Social psychologists use philosophical theories to empirically test and provide evidence for or disprove |
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Term
| How is Social Psych different from Sociology? |
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Definition
| Sociologists focus on the society as a group’s behaviors but social psychologists focus on how an individual in the society behaves in their society |
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Term
| What's the difference between theories and hypotheses? |
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Definition
| Theories link two ideas together, and hypotheses are deductions of theories to be tested |
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Term
| How do you perform Correlational Research? |
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Definition
| Measures two variables and examines the extent to which they covary |
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Term
| What are the goals of Correlational Research? |
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Definition
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Term
There are 3 explanations for observed correlations:
The Causal Hypothesis is
The Reverse Causation Hypothesis
The Third Variable Problem
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Definition
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Term
There are 3 explanations for observed correlations:
The Causal Hypothesis
The Reverse Causation Hypothesis is
The Third Variable Problem
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Definition
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Term
There are 3 explanations for observed correlations:
The Causal Hypothesis
The Reverse Causation Hypothesis
The Third Variable Problem is
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Definition
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Term
| Why do you need Experimental Research? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is the IV and which is the DV? |
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Definition
| Independent is the manipulated variable and dependent is the measured variable |
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Term
| What is Internal Validity? |
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Definition
| The extent to which the research design can show that x clearly causes y |
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Term
There are 4 factors that threaten internal validity:
Demand characteristics are
Evaluation apprehension
Experimenter need for subjects to be engaged
Experimenter expectancy effects |
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Definition
| cues in an experimental setting that leads participants to believe a particular behavior is expected or demanded (good subject and bad subject) |
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Term
There are 4 factors that threaten internal validity:
Demand characteristics
Evaluation apprehension is
Experimenter need for subjects to be engaged
Experimenter expectancy effects |
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Definition
| the desire for subjects to present themselves in a positive light |
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Term
There are 4 factors that threaten internal validity:
Demand characteristics
Evaluation apprehension
Experimenter need for subjects to be engaged
Experimenter expectancy effects is |
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Definition
| the experimenter gives off cues that affect the outcomes (can be eliminated by double blind procedures) |
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Term
| Why is random assignment important? |
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Definition
| Increases internal validity by making sure each group varies only in the independent variable thereby preventing many confounds |
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Term
| What is External Validity? |
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Definition
| The extent to which the results from an experiment can generalize to other people and situations |
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Term
| It is important for External Validity to generalize across... |
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Definition
| across people and situations |
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Term
| How does External Validity generalize across people? |
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Definition
| Random sampling to ensure subjects are representative of the population |
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Term
| How does External Validity generalize across situations? |
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Definition
| Maintain mundane realism and psychological realism |
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Term
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Definition
| the experiment mimics real life exposure |
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Term
| What is Psychological Realism? |
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Definition
| experiment mimics what the person experiences psychologically |
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Term
| What is the basic dilemma between Internal and External validity? |
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Definition
Research high in internal validity and low in external validity are enlightening but not necessarily mirror of real life
Research low in internal validity and high in external validity can’t be relied upon, even if the research is applicable |
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Term
| Deception is used to prevent participants from catching onto the purpose of the experiment. In technical terms, deception serves what two purposes? |
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Definition
| Protects internal validity and eliminates experimenter effect |
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Term
| What are the 3 safeguards when protecting ethical concerns? |
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Definition
| Informed consent, IRB, and debriefing |
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Term
| How are Top Down and Bottom Up processing different? |
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Definition
| Top Down uses prior knowledge when perceiving while Bottom Up uses data to make judgments |
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Term
| How are Automatic Thinking and Controlled Thinking different? |
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Definition
| Automatic thinking is effortless and involuntary while Controlled thinking is effortful and deliberate |
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Term
| What is the goal of a Schema? |
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Definition
| To provide organized and coherent knowledge about the world, influencing our interpretations |
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Term
| The Accessibility of Schemas is... |
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Definition
| The extent to which a schema is at the forefront of one’s mind |
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Term
| What is a Chronic Schema? |
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Definition
| Schema that has developed from early years; sustained |
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Term
| What is a Temporary Schema? |
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Definition
| Schema that develops only under certain circumstances; very brief |
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Term
| What is the link between Schema and Behavior? |
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Definition
| Priming schemas leads to changes in behavior |
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Term
| What is the consequence of Schemas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Availability Heuristic? |
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Definition
| Making a judgment about the frequency of an event based on how easy it is to recall |
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Term
| The Availability Heuristic is due to what 3 things? |
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Definition
| Recency of the information, vividness of the information, and mood at the time |
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Term
| What is the Simulation Heuristic? |
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Definition
| Making a judgment about the probability of a future event on the ease with which it can be imagined |
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Term
| What is the consequence of the Simulation Heuristic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Counterfactual Thinking? |
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Definition
| believing that a different outcome would have occurred if different events had taken place |
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Term
| When regretting, there are two types of regrets you make. What are they? |
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Definition
| Errors of Comission and Errors of Omission |
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Term
| What is the Error of Commission? |
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Definition
| the regret that comes with taking a wrong action; people usually regret in the short term |
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Term
| What is the Error of Omission? |
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Definition
| the regret that comes with not taking an action that one has considered; people usually regret in the long term |
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Term
| What is the Representative Heuristic? |
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Definition
| The tendency to believe that the probability of an occurrence depends on how well it matches our beliefs about what should occur |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to start with an initial judgment (anchor) and then adjust one’s decision in order to make a final judgment |
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Term
| What is the Illusion of Control and what is a good example of it? |
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Definition
The belief that one has more control over their life than they actually do.
Example: Superstitious behavior. |
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Term
| What is the Prospect Theory? |
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Definition
| People are risk adverse for gains and risk seeking for losses |
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Term
| What is the Construal Level Theory? |
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Definition
| Attributing events psychologically farther away more abstractly and more concrete as events become psychologicially closer |
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Term
| Encoding and Decoding are part of what? What is the difference between the two? |
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Definition
| Encoding and Decoding are part of Nonverbal Communication. Encoding is the expression of nonverbal behavior while decoding is the interpretation of the nonverbal behavior. |
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Term
| What is Ordinary Personology? |
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Definition
| The study of how ordinary people come to know about each other’s temporary states and enduring dispositions |
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Term
| According to Ordinary Personology, people are "naive scientists." Why? |
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Definition
| People underestimate the social situation |
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Term
| The Correspondent Inference Theory seeks to explain behavior using what 3 characteristics? |
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Definition
1. Freely chosen
2. Socially undesirable or unacceptable
3. Non common effects |
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Term
| The Correspondent Inference Theory includes what paired concept? |
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Definition
| Discounting and Augmenting |
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Term
| Discounting and Augmenting are part of what theory? |
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Definition
| The Correspondent Inference Theory |
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Term
| What is the difference between Discounting and Augmenting? |
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Definition
| Discounting is attributing the behavior to the situation while Augmenting is attributing the behavior to the personality of the individual. |
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Term
| Kelly's Covariation Model seeks to explain behavior using what 3 characteristics? |
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Definition
| Consensus, Consistency, and Distinctiveness |
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Term
| In Kelly's Covariation Model, consensus is... |
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Definition
| how much the behavior is repeated among other individuals |
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Term
| In Kelly's Covariation Model, consistency is... |
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Definition
| how much the behavior is repeated |
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Term
| In Kelly's Covariation Model, distinctiveness is... |
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Definition
| how much this behavior is performed compared to other settings |
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Term
| According to Kelly's Covariation Model, how would one make an External Attribution? |
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Definition
| consensus is high, consistency is high, distinctiveness is also high |
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Term
| According to Kelly's Covariation Model, how would one make an Internal Attribution? |
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Definition
| consensus is low, consistency is high, and distinctiveness is low |
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Term
| What are the 3 reasons for why people make the Fundamental Attribution Error? How? |
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Definition
Perceptual salience of the actor: people naturally attribute things to what they see
Lack of cognitive resources: the more cognitive busy people are, the more likely they make this error
Cultural differences: Eastern cultures are less likely while Western cultures are more likely to make this error |
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Term
| Gilbert's 2-Step Process attempt to explain what concept? How? |
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Definition
Fundamental Attribution Error.
There's an Automatic Process (categorization and characterization) and a Controlled Process (correction) |
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Term
| What is the Actor-Observer Bias? |
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Definition
| Tendency to believe that other’s behavior is more dispositionally caused than one’s own |
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Term
| The Actor-Observer Bias is due to what two things? |
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Definition
| Perceptual Salience and Information Availability |
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Term
| What are Self-Serving Attributions? |
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Definition
| Tendency to believe our successes are due to our dispositions and failures due to situational contexts |
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Term
| Self-Serving Attribution are due to what two things? |
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Definition
| Self-Esteem Maintenance and Self-Presentation |
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Term
| What are the positive mental health effects of Self-Serving Attributions? |
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Definition
| Couples that make positive partner serving attributions more have more successful relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| the ideas people have about who they are and what they are like |
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Term
| William James' Self-Concept includes what 4 aspects? What are the differences between all 4? |
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Definition
Material Self are the concrete descriptions people have about themselves.
Extended Self are the things related to oneself that have sentimental value.
Social Self describes the social role that one occupies at the time
Spiritual Self are hte descriptions of one's personality, likes, and wants |
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Term
| What is the Self-Reference Effect? |
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Definition
| People process and pay attention to information that are related to themselves more quickly |
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Term
| What is Self Complexity? What does it mean to have high Self Complexity? |
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Definition
| The number of roles you use to describe yourself. The higher the self complexity, the healthier you are because you have other roles to help you balance out any negative experiences in another role. The con is that you may feel stretched too thin. |
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Term
| When constructing the Self, there is a cultural difference between Independence and Interdependence. What is it? |
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Definition
Independence is defining oneself focusing on internal feelings and actions; more Western.
Interdependence is defining oneself focusing on relationships to other people; more Eastern. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of Self Esteem? |
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Definition
| Glocal Self Esteem, Feelings of Self Worth, an Self Confidence/Self-Evaluations |
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Term
| What is Global Self Esteem and how is it measured? |
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Definition
The way people feel about themselves; love for oneself; stable disposition.
Measured using Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale explicitly and IAT implicitly, though both measures are weakly correlated. |
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Term
| What are Feelings of Self Worth? |
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Definition
| Momentary emotional states that arise from a positive or negative event |
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Term
| What is or are Self-Confidence/ Self-Evaluations? |
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Definition
| The way people evaluate their capabilities and attributes |
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Term
| What 3 models are at the origin of Self Esteem? |
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Definition
| Affective, Cognitive, and Sociocultural models |
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Term
| The Affective Model of Self Esteem... |
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Definition
| develops early in life; leads to global self esteem |
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Term
| The Cognitive Model of Self Esteem... |
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Definition
| arises from rational judgments people make about themselves; leads to self-evaluations |
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Term
| The Sociocultural Model of Self Esteem... |
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Definition
| based on culture’s value on qualities; self-esteem develops +/- if people develop these qualities |
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Term
| What is the Self Verification Theory? |
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Definition
| People seek out feedback that matches their own views of themselves |
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Term
| What is the Terror Management Theory? |
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Definition
| When mortality is threatened, people try to find meaning in their lives |
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Term
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Definition
| The need for frequent pleasant stable and enduring interactions with a few people |
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Term
| What is the Sociometer Theory? |
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Definition
| Self-esteem is a measure of how much people feel rejected or accepted; neutral interactions are just as damaging as rejection |
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Term
| How does one preform Self Awareness by Introspection? |
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Definition
| Examining one’s own thoughts, feelings, and motives |
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Term
| What is the Self Awareness Theory? |
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Definition
| Comparing one’s behavior to internal standards and values and behaving in ways to align beliefs |
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Term
| Why is "Telling More than We Can Know" a flaw of Self Awareness by Introspection? |
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Definition
| Sometimes introspection is inaccurate because people don’t know as much about themselves like they think |
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Term
| What is Reasons Generated Attitude Change? |
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Definition
| When one gives reasons for choosing something, their attitude towards it changes; reasons can differ from gut feelings, causing one to feel less satisfied when choice is vague |
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Term
| What is Self Perception Theory? |
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Definition
| One infers his or her attitude towards things by observing one’s own behavior |
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Term
| What is the difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation? |
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Definition
| Intrinsic motivation stems from enjoyment and pleasure while Extrinsic motivation stems from external pressure |
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Term
| What is the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion? |
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Definition
| Emotion is based from one’s physiological arousal and one’s label of the arousal |
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Term
| Affective Forecasting is subject to... |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to overestimate the impact that our decisions have on our happiness |
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Term
| What is the Psychological Immune System/Immune Neglect? |
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Definition
| Tendency to underestimate your coping process following negative events and overestimating your happiness for positive events |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to make errors in predicting your happiness by over focusing on obvious apparent factors and neglecting the mundane details that would better allow you to forecast your future affect |
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