Term
|
Definition
| All the cases who posess some defining attribute (i.e. adult americans, lawyers). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subgroups within the population (i.e. "adult americans" can be stratified by gender) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single member of a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Select some of the elements from a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Population value on some characteristic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Estimate of population parameter based on the sample value on a characteristic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parameter value - statistic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Take the 1st "n" number of people you come across who are willing to be surveyed (also called a convenience sample). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sampling using accidental procedure, being sure to get some fixed number of elements from various strate of the population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A select sample of elements believed to be typical of the population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Choose such that every element in the population has an equal probability of being selected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First divide the population into strata and then draw a simple random sample from within each strata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First draw a random sample of strata from the population and then randomly sample from within that. |
|
|
Term
| Ways to Minimize Sampling Error |
|
Definition
- Sample larger sizes
- Keeep sample size constant.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- You can examine change from baseline
- You can statistically control for the pretest and thus increase your power.
- You can equate the 2 groups. Even with random assignment, groups won't be exactly equal unless they are very large in size.
|
|
|
Term
| What are the problems with a before and after design? |
|
Definition
- Carry over contamination effects
- Effects of practice are different for control vs. experimental group.
|
|
|
Term
| Describe factorial designs |
|
Definition
| By far the most typical kind of design in experimental psychology. THey involve 2 or more IV's each with 2 or more levels. You cross each level of one IV with all levels of the second IV. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of research? |
|
Definition
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Randomized Experiments
- Laboratory Research
- Quasi-Experiments
|
|
|
Term
Describe surveys and questionnaires |
|
Definition
| They are correlational and typicall assess naturally occuring behavior. They occur in the field. |
|
|
Term
Where do randomized experiments take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does laboratory research take place and what type of design does it typically use? |
|
Definition
| In the lab with an experimental design. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Quasi-Experiments |
|
Definition
| Some place between experimental vs. correlational designs. Most typically occur in a field setting. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 essential characteristics of lab research? |
|
Definition
- Control
- Manipulation
- Setting
|
|
|
Term
| Why is "control" an essential characteristic of lab research? |
|
Definition
| Because it eliminates/minimizes extraneous influences. It increases statistical power and precision of conclusions. |
|
|
Term
| Why is manipulation an essential characteristic of lab research? |
|
Definition
| It allows you to manipulate variables and that IS the essence of an "experiment." |
|
|
Term
| WHy is setting an essential characteristic of lab research? |
|
Definition
| Because you can construct an appropriate and necessary setting in which to study the behavior of interest. |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 reasons TO do lab research? |
|
Definition
- Basic research in nature
- Universalistic research
- When asking "what can happen?"
- When looking at Short-term effects of manipulated variables.
|
|
|
Term
| What are 4 reasons NOT to do lab research/ |
|
Definition
- Applied research in nature
- Particularistic research
- When asking "What DOES happen?"
- When looking at long-term effects of variables that often can't be manipulated.
|
|
|
Term
| Experimenter expectancy effects |
|
Definition
| Experimenter effects the behavior of the participants based on the hypothesis. |
|
|
Term
| How can you overcome experimenter expectancy effects? |
|
Definition
| WIth a double-blind test or using a script and keeping the experimenter blind to the hypothesis. Or use 2 experimenters and run all conditions at the same time. |
|
|
Term
| How can you overcome demand characteristics? |
|
Definition
| With a "cover story" or "2 experiments" or implicit measures such as the IAT. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 threats to internal validity? |
|
Definition
- Maturation
- History
- Instrumentation
- Mortality
- Selection
- Testing
|
|
|
