Term
| Social Exclusion is defined as? |
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Definition
| Social, political, and economic process whereby individuals and groups are denied access and opportunities to societal resources, which results in their diminished well-being. |
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Term
| Exclusion from? What are they missing out on? 6 |
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Definition
| Land/property/housing/credit; secure employment; Education/skills/cultural capital; Legal equality/democratic participation; the welfare state/public goods; family/sociability/fulfillment/understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| LIAM J. WUD : landless, indigenous, afro-descendants, migrants, jobless, women, uneducated, disabled |
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Term
| Sources of exclusion are? Where does it come from? 3 |
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Definition
CLASS: conscious decision by elites; development for middle class; REGIONAL: neglect of rural areas and ethnic minorities; inequality in region; HISTORY: skewed historical development; discrimination rooted in slavery/forced labor; historical gender role
*remember it can be ascribed, it can be structural |
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Term
| How are people excluded? By whom? 4 |
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Definition
| People make decisions that exclude others; these people are State authorities, Development planners, Investors, Influential elites. SIDE |
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Term
| What are some indicators of exclusion? 7 |
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Definition
Poverty, income inequality, educational inequality, infant mortality, life expectance, land concentration, residential segregation. RIIPELL
**by gender, by race/ethnicity |
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Term
| How to counteract exclusion? |
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Definition
| Empowerment and Agency, collective action, social movements, civil society, democratization |
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Term
| What are some inclusion policies? |
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Definition
| universal programs, public education, universal health care, social security/pensions, conditional cash programs for the poor, affirmative action, anti-discriminatory laws |
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Term
| Economic development is defined as? |
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Definition
| Sustained growth in the economy which should presumably be accompanied by social development |
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Term
| Social development is defined as? |
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Definition
| Reducing poverty and deprivation and broadening choice. Poverty includes hunger, illiteracy, illness and poor health, powerlessness, voicelessness, insecurity, humiliation, and a lack of access to basic infrastructure |
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Term
| What two trends became obvious in the 1970s in terms of development? |
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Definition
1)3rd world was not catching up to the 1st world--the gap was expanding
2)3rd world countries tried to reduce gap by aggressive exporting of manufactured goods |
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Term
| How was development understood before the 1970s? What about after? |
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Definition
It was understood as a national process of economic and social transformation.
Afterwards, it became more about participation in the world market. International, rather than national. The debt crisis shifter the terms from a national to a global concern. |
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Term
| Give three characteristics of Latin American development since the 1950s. |
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Definition
| Strong growth, followed by weak growth, then recovery. |
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Term
| What is a GDP? Give name and definition. |
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Definition
| It is the total value of all goods and services produced in a particular country/economy. Annual growth rates are determined by the change of it from one year to the next. |
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Term
| What is the Golden Age of Latin American development? |
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Definition
| 1950-1980. Averaged growth rates of 5% per year! |
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Term
| Name some modernization goals. |
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Definition
Traditional values (kinship and inherited status) to Modern values (Achievement and Individual responsibility).
Education and Social mobility.
**Tied to the ISI model. Largely based on Argentina. |
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Term
| What is ISI? Name and definition. |
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Definition
| a trade and economic policy based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. |
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Term
| What kind of governments are most prevalent in LA? In what countries? Exceptions? |
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Definition
| Authoritarian governments. Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Mexico. Exceptions: Costa Rica and Colombia. |
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Term
| What is the growing inequality with the ISI? |
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Definition
| Jobs are more for the middle class and industrial working class. The government protects the middle sectors with housing and social security. While the middle class takes advantage of the growth, the poor do not. |
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Term
| How does urbanization apply to LA? |
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Definition
| It was a predominately rural society and goes to a predominately urban society. |
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Term
| How did urbanization affect cities? |
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Definition
| The cities grew due to it. |
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Term
| How did urbanization affect the informal economy? |
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Definition
| The informal economy grew do to it. |
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Term
| How did urbanization affect the middle class? |
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Definition
| The government responded by protecting the middle class. |
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Term
| How did urbanization affect jobs? |
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Definition
| Jobs increased, but urban growth was even bigger due to urbanization. |
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Term
| How does the informal economy come about? |
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Definition
| The economy is not able to provide jobs so it is a response/coping strategy for the urban poor. |
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Term
| What was the Cuban Revolution? |
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Definition
| 1959. It was a social movement led by Fidel Castro where the US-backed Batista was overthrown. Castro implemented many social and economic programs. |
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Term
| What happened in Chile in 1973? What kind of movement did it become? |
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Definition
| Allende was elected President. It became a nationalist movement. Nationalized large-scale industries. Government took over healthcare system and education. Land redistribution. |
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Term
| What happens in the 1980s and early 1990s in LA concerning economic development? |
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Definition
| ISI had run its course. You see negative growth rates. You see inflation, devaluation. You see growing unemployment. Problems of poverty and inequality become more obvious. |
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Term
| What is happening today in LA in terms of economic development? At what stage do they find themselves? |
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Definition
| Recovery. There are slow growth rates. Still see problems with inequality and poverty. There is variation within the region. You see some signs of growth and change. |
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Term
| What is the "Washington Consensus"? |
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Definition
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Term
| US involvement in social movements? |
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Definition
| We funded opposition against Allende. We also backed Batista. Opposed Castro. |
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Term
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Definition
| US, Europe, and multilaterals promote: privatization, decreasing size of government, free trade, export orientation. |
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Term
| How does import/export change due to neoliberalism? |
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Definition
| It grows! In 1990 it is at 10%. In 2000 it is at 20%. |
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Term
| What organizations are born with neoliberalism? |
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Definition
| NAFTA, CAFTA, MERCOSUL. All dealing with trading. |
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Term
| How did democratization affect LA? |
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Definition
| By 2000 every country except Cuba was a formal democracy. |
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Term
| What was the US involvement in democratization? |
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Definition
| The US and Europe (and multilaterals) sponsor democracy along with fiscal restraint. The emphasize local government and citizen participation at the LOCAL level. |
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Term
| How will the Economic Crisis affect LA today? |
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Definition
| Not looking good! ECLAC predicts, optimistically, a 1.9% growth for the region in 2009. |
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Term
| What percentage of LA lives in large cities? |
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Definition
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Term
| How has migration changed in LA? |
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Definition
| Now it is more urban-urban or international rather than rural-urban migration. |
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Term
| How are fertility rates today in LA? |
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Definition
| They are near replacement levels. |
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Term
| How are mortality rates in LA today? |
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Definition
| Lower mortality rates, which also means there is a growing elderly population. |
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Term
| Is there a rise or decrease in single parent households in LA today? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is civil society's role in LA today? |
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Definition
| There is a rise of civil society. |
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Term
| How significant is civil society to LA and to democratization? |
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Definition
| Pretty important. NGOs are a central part of democratization. |
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Term
| Name some of the UN Millennium Development Goals. |
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Definition
| Eradicate extreme poverty/hunger, universal primary education, gender equality/empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS/Malaria/Etc, Environmental sustainability, Global partnership for development |
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Term
| Name some of the most unequal countries? |
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Definition
| Sierra Leone/Central African Republic/Swaziland, Brazil/Nicaragua/South Africa/Paraguay/Colombia/Chile/Honduras |
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Term
| Name some of the most equal countries? |
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Definition
| Slovakia, Belarus, Hungary, Denmark, Japan, Sweden, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Bulgaria |
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