Term
| Classical sociological theory |
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Definition
| social theory as a response to the rise of society |
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Definition
| moral philosophy accompanied the rise of natural theology, age of reason, rationality of reason, social criticism and administrative social science, modernity triumphant over tradition, science over religion |
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| ahistorical and universal categories of the mind, that experience has to be organized so it is intelligible: causality, etc. |
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| the transformation of society, how it changes/grows etc. - society is something that is essentially communicative and undergoes an evolution of its own |
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| The problems of Modernity |
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Definition
| the socialization of the individual, the rationality of knowledge, and the legitimation of power |
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Definition
| the difference between modern and primitive(nondeveloped) society --> other(the places that have not advanced yet) vs. metropole (cities, the colonies, modernized) --> the social evolution |
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| the foundational works/classical texts of sociology --> weber, durkheim, marx |
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Definition
| what kinds of things do or can exist in that domain and what are their conditions of existence, relations of dependency, etc. an inventory of whats included |
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| the theory of knowledge - distinguishes justified belief from opinion. |
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| empiricism, scientific method, prediction = understanding, nomothetic laws, naturalism, value neutrality |
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| doctrine of meaning, anti naturalism, ideographic knowledge (or specific detailed cases), understanding requires inter subjective meanings, science is social --> study of theory and practice of interpretation --> studying what the event means to individuals |
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| dialectical process of thought, in which the whole is greater than the parts, and contradictions continually appear and disappear into new synthesis |
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| assumes soc. Sciences can be studied in the same ways as the physical sciences and in fact the soc sciences should mimic the physical sciences as much as possible |
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| laws that could be applied throughout history, laws that allows us to make generalizations about phenomenon |
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| history consists of idiographic events in the sense of being unique/non repeatable, individualist |
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Definition
| our senses are unmediated - the epistemology accepted by positivism |
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Term
| Classical sociological theory |
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Definition
| social theory as a response to the rise of society |
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Term
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Definition
| moral philosophy accompanied the rise of natural theology, age of reason, rationality of reason, social criticism and administrative social science, modernity triumphant over tradition, science over religion |
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Term
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Definition
| ahistorical and universal categories of the mind, that experience has to be organized so it is intelligible: causality, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the transformation of society, how it changes/grows etc. - society is something that is essentially communicative and undergoes an evolution of its own |
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Term
| The problems of Modernity |
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Definition
| the socialization of the individual, the rationality of knowledge, and the legitimation of power |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between modern and primitive(nondeveloped) society --> other(the places that have not advanced yet) vs. metropole (cities, the colonies, modernized) --> the social evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| the foundational works/classical texts of sociology --> weber, durkheim, marx |
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Term
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Definition
| what kinds of things do or can exist in that domain and what are their conditions of existence, relations of dependency, etc. an inventory of whats included |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory of knowledge - distinguishes justified belief from opinion. |
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Term
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Definition
| empiricism, scientific method, prediction = understanding, nomothetic laws, naturalism, value neutrality |
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Term
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Definition
| doctrine of meaning, anti naturalism, ideographic knowledge (or specific detailed cases), understanding requires inter subjective meanings, science is social --> study of theory and practice of interpretation --> studying what the event means to individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| dialectical process of thought, in which the whole is greater than the parts, and contradictions continually appear and disappear into new synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes soc. Sciences can be studied in the same ways as the physical sciences and in fact the soc sciences should mimic the physical sciences as much as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| laws that could be applied throughout history, laws that allows us to make generalizations about phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| history consists of idiographic events in the sense of being unique/non repeatable, individualist |
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Term
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Definition
| our senses are unmediated - the epistemology accepted by positivism |
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Definition
| Son of a german industrialist, collaborated & $$ to Marx starting 1844, translated/edited Marxs work after his death, Major works: the condition of the english working class, anti-duhring, the dialectics of nature, the origin of the family |
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Definition
| (positivism) - unmediated sense - experience- the collection of facts and observations (qualitative and quantitative data) evidence to base your conclusions |
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Definition
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Definition
| the science of the general laws of motion, both of the external world and of human thought --> the world is a complex process, state of flux/change, uniterrupted change of coming into being and passing way |
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Term
| The Three Principles of Dialectics |
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Definition
| unity of opposites, transformation: quantity <--> quality, negation of the negation: preservation of insigts and contributions from history |
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Term
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Definition
| idealism, reason embraced the total universe, dialectical approach to realisty, everything is ruled by reason and the ideas of dialectics, the initial forms of thins are not their "true forms" but rather their negative condition which only transforms to its true form after the negativity is overcome -- therefore given facts are temporary/partial truths |
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Definition
| leads to the dehumanization of man -- strips individuals of their human powers and turns them to animal ways, humans have species specific powers (creative intelligence) - to avoid starving man must sell their labor power because they have been separated from their means of production and alienated from their property |
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Definition
| we don’t always do things out of necessity, different needs and powers dependent on time and place in history - species specific powers and being |
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Definition
| mode of production of material life conditions the general process of soc/pol/intel life |
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Term
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Definition
| the consciousness of men determines their social being |
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| Materialist conception of history |
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Definition
| social being determines social consciousness --> the mode of production(economic) creates the cultural superstructure |
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Definition
| includes: tools, resources, labor, technology, raw materials --> allow society to create a surplus of goods beyond what is needed to survive, the development of this suplus gave rise to classes, a particular class tries to take and expropriate this surplus --> these determine the relations of production |
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Term
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Definition
| property relations between classes - those who produce the surplus and those who own and control it |
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Term
| Mode of production (Economic Base) |
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Definition
| together relations and forces combine to make the mode of production which determines/conditions what can arise within the cultural superstructure |
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Definition
| general process of social political and intellectual life --> law, religion, morality, philosophy, ideology, art, the state, education, etc. |
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Definition
| class is defined by the ownership of property and production -- the relationship among individuals |
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Definition
| individuals occupying similar positions become involved in common struggles; a network of communication develops, and they thereby become conscious of their common fate. It is then that individuals become part of a cohesive class that consciously articulates their common interests. |
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Definition
| becoming aware of the existence of a class for it self that has different wants and desires from the ruling class |
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Definition
| capitalists, owners of the modes of production |
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Definition
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| an instrument of class rule --> an instrument of exploitation of wage-labor by capital |
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| the illusions created by the oppressed/proletariat to comfort - people seek meaning and happiness in the divine hereafter rather than the human world (religion is an opium) |
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Definition
| set of common values and beliefs shared by most people in a given society, framing how the majority think about a range of topics. The dominant ideology is understood in Marxism to reflect, or serve, the interests of the dominant class in that society |
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Definition
| the systematic misrepresentation of dominant social relations in the consciousness of subordinate classes |
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Definition
| left-hegelian, elaborated the enlightenment view of religion as an "illusion", the divine is a symbolic expression, god is a creation of the human imagination, humans unconsciously project their ideals unto hypothetical beings |
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Definition
| codified dialectical materialism - economic determinism with alleged determination of the ideological superstructure by the economical infrastructure |
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Definition
| landlord exploited the peasants under his control by seizing a portion of their produce but the workforce retained direct contact with the means of production (land). Societies naturally pass from feudalism to capitalism before the inevitable emergence of the socialist society |
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Term
| Asiatic mode of production |
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Definition
| stationary character: the absense of private ownership of land, autonomous village communities, public water/irrigation etc in control of central gov |
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Term
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Definition
| system in which all power was centralized in the hands of the emperor, the political sovereign and the absolute landlord. Absolute power of the Emperor |
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Term
| Capitalist mode of production |
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Definition
| process that separates the producer from his means of production & subsistence while placing those means under the exclusive control of the capitalist |
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Term
| Manufacture (hand production) |
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Definition
| increasingly complex division of labor - each laborer does one simple operation -- hand production on massive scale employed by one and the same capitalist |
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Term
| Factory system (machine production) |
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Definition
| worker has increased productivity - capitalist desire for a productive process that is continuous and uninterrupted, worker becomes an appendage to the machine |
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Term
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Definition
| jointly written by Marx and Engels which describes their belief that capitalist society will eventually be replaced by socialism and then communism, presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and present) and the problems of capitalism |
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Definition
| unifies society by reaffirming social norms within the large group, the source of change, reinforces norms, people who have a negative association, violation of norms bring te community together, unify. |
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Definition
| a nonmaterial social fact, principles between what is considered right and wrong |
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Definition
| the conscious shared by individuals making up a society, the general understanding of shared beliefs, encompasses the norms/values/beliefs of society |
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Term
| Collective Representations |
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Definition
| smaller component of collective conscience that is easier to be connected with actual icons/rituals/etc |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in public gatherics, the widespread feeling |
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Term
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Definition
| what is that function serving - what is something functional for - way of relating part and whole - ex: the body's organs, what function does this particular institution have for the social whole, determine the purpose and role in maintaining society as a whole |
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Definition
| a material social fact involving the degree to which tasks or responsibilities are specialized. Distinguished two types of society/solidarity |
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| with little or no division of labor. People are unified because they are all generalists, carry out same activities, share strong common morality, collective consciousness |
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Definition
| visible, fear, deterrent, bodily, mechanical -- larger consequences |
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Definition
| coherence is achieved by differentiation. Free individuals pursuing different functions are united by their complementary roles, links the individual to society and outlines the belief system shared by all individuals in society |
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Definition
| reparations, fines, organic |
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Definition
| suicide rates are the result of social currents |
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Definition
| lack of integration into society, the individual only acting on the bases of self interest, needs of individual cannot be met |
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| society importance above their own - ex: suicide bombers |
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| normless. Society is not regulated. Regulated powers of society disrupted, shared values/norms disrupted which leads to situation of anomie (normlessnes), lack of constraining power over the individual |
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| over regulation - Ex slaves |
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Definition
| dichotomy between the sacred and the profane to be the central characteristic of religion. the sacred represented the interests of the group, especially unity. The profane involved mundane individual concerns. Durkheim explicitly stated that the dichotomy sacred/profane was not equivalent to good/evil |
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Term
| Social origins of classification |
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Definition
| primitive peoples classifications reflect their social organization |
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Definition
| social structures, cultural norms, and values of society that external to and coercive of actors |
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| "of its own kind." sociological explanation of social fact by other social facts |
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Definition
| real material entities, structural, forms of technology/written legal codes/ style of architecture, morphological components |
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Definition
| internal to the social actor, consciousness, beliefs, norms, values |
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Definition
| distribution of population, channels of communication that exist, housing arrangements |
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| "battle over methods." series of debates on what would be the appropriate methods to the study of history and in the context of this debate economics |
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| history composed through general laws, neoclassical school |
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Definition
| history composed of idiosyncratic events in the sense of being unique and non repeatable, individual |
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| "understanding." interpreting social life, must understand the phenomenon as well as the subjective motivations that actors hold that explain their actions, derived from hermeneudics |
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Definition
| relevant to our values, should be left out of the classrooms, values will enter in at the begininning of research - subjectivity |
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Definition
| A causes B - the focus of positivists, an evenet will be accompanied or followed with another event |
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| probabilistic statements about relationships between social phenomen, given A we have a degree of probability that B will happen |
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| subjective meaning that humans attach to their actions and interactions within specific social contexts |
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| individuality and generality - analytical construct that serves as a construction of certain elements of reality into a logically precise conception - does not necessarily exist in reality but rather serves as a way to research and link conditions that brought about the event |
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Definition
| the probability of an individual or group to realize theor own will in communal action, even against the resistance of others |
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| defined by commodity or labor maket (in the marketplace), by life chances, and economic interests |
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Definition
| status based on the consumption of goods and honor |
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Definition
| organizations striving for a goal in a planned manner. They are associations of people that attempt to influence social action. Since they are concerned with achieving some goal, they are in the sphere of power |
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| Instrumentally rational action |
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Definition
| action which are determined by expectations about the properties of objects and the human beings that the actor encounters - calculating cost/benefit - technocratic thinking |
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Definition
| action which are determined by the conscious belief in the value of a type of behavior regarless of likelihood of success |
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Definition
| action which are determine by the actor's feelings, emotions, attachments, etc |
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| action which are determined by action habit, unthinking, almost automatic behavior in response to everyday stimuli |
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| subset of power voluntary compliance or obedience |
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| belief of domination as legitimate gives power and establishes authority |
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Definition
| empowered by a formalistic belief in the content of the law (legal) or natural law (rationality). Obedience is not given to a specific individual leader - whether traditional or charismatic - but a set of uniform principles |
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Definition
| hierarchy, spheres of competence, written documents, specialized training, impersonal rules, vocation --> EX OF LEGAL-RATIONAL AUTHORITY |
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| Legitimated by the sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule is passed down, often through heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent, and perpetuates the status quO |
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| within a group that is usually organized on both economic and kinship basis (ex: household) authority is exercised by a particular individual who is designated by a definite rule of inheritance |
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| authority rests on the personal and bureaucratic power exercised by a royal household, where that power is formally arbitrary and under the direct control of the ruler |
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Definition
| the avoidance of pleasure - rational methodical - campaign against temptations of the flesh and external things, against the irrational use of wealth |
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Term
| Unanticipated consequences |
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Definition
| through their actions the protestant ethic developed by the Calvinist had the unintended consequence of developing the economic ethos of capitalism |
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Term
| World Rejecting Asceticism |
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Definition
| One whose attitude is that participation in the wordly activities may be regarded as an acceptance of these affairs, "leading to an alienation from God." - formal withdrawl from the world for salvation |
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Definition
| a path of salvation that requires "participation within the institutions of the world but in opposition to them" according to the individual's own sacred religious dispositions and his qualifications "as the elect instrument of god." |
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| a leader whose mission and vision inspire others. It is based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual. |
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| Routinization of Charisma |
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Definition
| orders are traditionalized, the staff or followers change into legal or “estate-like” (traditional) staff, or the meaning of charisma itself may undergo change. |
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Definition
| universally applied rules, laws and regulations that characterize organizations/action |
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Definition
| means to an end calculations, efficiency, predictability, nonhuman technology, control of uncertainty, irrational consequences, systematic form of development |
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Definition
| explained that the Protestant ethic was an important factor in the economic success of Protestant groups in the early stages of European capitalism; because worldly success could be interpreted as a sign of eternal salvation, it was vigorously pursued. |
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Definition
| people have a duty to fulfill the obligations imposed upon them by their position in the world - each legitimate calling has the same worth. developed the moral justification for worldly activity |
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| necessity for hard work as a component of a person's calling and worldly success and as a visible sign or result (not a cause) of personal salvation. |
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| Calling by God to work and prosper and put it towards good use – invest, purchase and acquire more capital – accumulation of capital that is central to capitalism thus the economic ethos is developed by worldly activity |
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Definition
| introduced the theological doctrines which combined with those of Martin Luther to form a significant new attitude toward work |
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Definition
| changed the spirit of capitalism, transforming it into a rational and unashamed pursuit of profit for its own sake - pushed the doctrine of God's grace to the limits of the definition: grace is a free gift, something that the Giver, by definition, must be free to bestow or withhold. |
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Term
| Doctrine of predestination |
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Definition
| god is an omniscient being so god already knows who is going to heaven and who is going to hell – so it is already predetermined – the elect (those going to heaven) the damnation (those going to hell) à since this is predestined it is inevitable there is nothing individuals can do to ensure their salvation |
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Definition
| forms or types of formal interaction, frameworks that structure social interaction |
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| something is developed as fashionable and unique it gets popular and then it becomes undermined --cycle of fashion |
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Definition
| because it is focused on both numbers and distance |
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| number of individuals involved |
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| proximity, how you share norms, values |
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| considers the mere number of participants in a group – how that will effect the content of the group itself. Quantitative changes In group size will have qualitative affect on the groups |
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Definition
| import qualities that cannot stem within the group itself, more objective, not radically initially part of the group, not as biased, higher level of objectivity for individual equal openness (receive confidence that would be withheld with a more closely related person) |
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Definition
| a person who is neither too close nor too far in social distance |
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| matter of factness, direct result of the intesnification of nervous stimulation, indifference, money becomes the common denominator of all values |
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Definition
| one’s person intent of hiding something and another person’s intent to reveal, full revelation is not possible, people can INTENTIONALLY reveal info about themselves or lie and conceal, only larger groups are able to produce and maintain secrets |
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Definition
| depends only upon the two participants involved. each of the two participants is confronted by only one or the other, withdrawal of one participant will destory the entire group |
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Definition
| one individual is able to mediate the other two, dividing ruling strategy: two vs. one, simplest structure in which they can turn on each other (domination) |
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Term
| subjective vs objective approach |
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Definition
| objective: cultural artifacts that have already been produced (ex: laws, organization, philosophies, etc) -subjective: the individual capacity to produce |
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Definition
| a dialectical approach, value; the value of money is contradictory and dual... in order for something to be valuable it can be too easy or too difficult to acquire. money creates distance between people and objects, but it can also contribute to bringing people together. quality dissolves into quantity |
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