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| Physical or mental effort or activity directed toward the production or accomplishment of something |
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| An activity that serves as one's regular source of livelihood; a vocation. |
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| An approach to the completion of a complex task which involves breaking the task into a number of simpler tasks and assigning these tasks to specialists who generally perform only their assigned task. |
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| a factory management system developed in the late 19th century to increase efficiency by evaluating every step in a manufacturing process and breaking down production into specialized repetitive tasks |
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| The assembly line system of production pioneered by Henry Ford |
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| the feeling of not being part of society or a group |
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Marked by contempt or irreverence for what is sacred. Nonreligious in subject matter,
-Elements which belong to the ordinary everyday world rather than the supernatural |
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| Something set apart from the everyday world which inspires attitudes of awe or reverence among believers |
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| Religion, for Durkheim, is not "imaginary," although he does deprive it of what many believers find essential. Religion is very real; it is an expression of society itself, and indeed, there is no society that does not have religion. |
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| religion is best understood as it responds to the human need for theodicy and soteriology. Human beings are troubled, he says, with the question of theodicy – the question of how the extraordinary power of a divine god may be reconciled with the imperfection of the world that he has created and rules over. People need to know, for example, why there is undeserved good fortune and suffering in the world. Religion offers people soteriological answers, or answers that provide opportunities for salvation |
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| transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward non-religious (or "irreligious") values and secular institutions |
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| A commitment to, and a belief in, the literal meanings of scriptural texts. |
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| A formal education program is the process of training and developing people in knowledge, skills, mind, and character in a structured and certified program. |
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| refers to a state-run educational system, usually free, that aims to ensure that all children in society have at least a basic education. |
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| Overemphasis on diplomas or degrees in giving jobs or conferring social status |
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In a tracking system, the entire school population is assigned to classes according to whether the students' overall achievement is above average, normal, or below average. Students attend all classes only with students whose overall academic achievement is the same as their own.
Among older students, tracking systems usually diverge in what students are taught. Students in academically advanced tracks study higher mathematics, more foreign languages, and literature. Students in less academic tracks acquire vocational skills such as welding or cosmetology, or business skills, such as typing or bookkeeping. |
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| Manifest and latent functions of schooling |
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| Manifest functions and dysfunctions are conscious and deliberate, the latent ones the unconscious and unintended.[2] While functions are intended (manifest) or recognized (latent), and have a positive effect on society, dysfunctions are unintended (manifest) or unrecognized (latent) and have a negative effect on society |
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| in the beginning, a false definition of the situation evoking a new behaviour which makes the original false conception come 'true'. This specious validity of the self-fulfilling prophecy perpetuates a reign of error. For the prophet will cite the actual course of events as proof that he was right from the very beginning |
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| “some of the outcomes or by-products of schools or of non-school settings, particularly those states which are learned but not openly intended.” |
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| Standardized testing bias |
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| Standardized testing also has been considered to be institutional racism, because it is an academic assessment significantly biased in favor of people with a given socio-cultural background |
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federal law passed under the George W. Bush administration. NCLB represents legislation that attempts to accomplish standards-based education reform. The law and its subsequent implementation have grown to be a very controversial issue in Education.
The law reauthorized federal programs meant to hold primary and secondary schools measurably accountable to higher standards. It also provided more opportunities to parents for school choice and placed a greater emphasis on reading in schools. |
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| Industrialization is the overall change in circumstances accompanying a society's movement population and resources from farm production to manufacturing production and associated services. |
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| The state or quality of being modern: "Warriors of the . . . tribe, imposing symbols of a nomadic culture . . . are caught between tradition and modernity" |
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| Of or relating to art, architecture, or literature that reacts against earlier modernist principles, as by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist styles or practices to extremes: "It [a roadhouse]is so architecturally interesting . . . with its postmodern wooden booths and sculptural clock" |
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| a society in which buying goods and services is considered to be very important |
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| Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change. |
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