Term
| Doctors have incentives to treat people who ? |
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Definition
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Term
| ADHD is an example of the case of what ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two models of health behavior ? |
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Definition
| the Health Belief Model and the Health Lifestyle Theory |
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Term
| What's the primary question that the two models of health behavior questions ? |
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Definition
| Why do individuals adopt ( or fail to adopt) healthy behaviors . |
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Term
| What are the 4 components of the Health Belief Model ? |
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Definition
| Believe they are susceptible, believe risk is serious, believe compliance will rduce risk, and have no significant barriers to compliance. |
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Term
| Feeling like you're too strong or too healthy to contract a sexually transmitted disease is all a part of which part of the health belief model? |
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Definition
| believe they are susceptible. |
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Term
| By believeing that sexually transmitted disease can all be easily treated is a part of what part of the Health Belief model ? |
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Definition
| Believe risk is serious . |
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Term
| If someone doesnt believe that condoms really prevent sexual diseases , then what part of the health belief model is that ? |
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Definition
| Believe compliance will reduce risk. |
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Term
| If someone says that they just enjoy sexual intercourse more without condoms, then thats a part of what part of the Health belief model ? |
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Definition
| Have no significant barriers to compliance. |
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Term
| What is the most commonly used framework for studying compliance ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which model empahasizes agency OVER structure ? |
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Definition
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Term
| All human behavior is affected by both ..? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which model acknowledges both agency and structure but emphasizes group rather than individual behaviors ? |
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Definition
| The Health Lifestyle Theory |
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Term
| Which model offers a more comprehensive analysis of why healthy behaviors are or are not adopted? |
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Definition
| The Health Lifestyle Theory . |
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Term
| What is defined as collective patterns of health-related behavior based on life choices from options available to people according to their life chances? |
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Definition
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Term
| What exactly does the Health Lifestyle Theory suggest ? |
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Definition
| Life choices and life chances come together to create habitual dispositions toward health behaviors. |
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Term
| Social factors can do what to our choices? |
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Definition
| They can constrain our choices. |
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Term
| Which model bridges agency and structure ? |
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Definition
| The Health Lifestyle Theory . |
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Term
| What did the Christakis & Fowler study of 2008 bring about ? |
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Definition
| a series of articles arguing that social networks can transmit not only obesity but also other health states and behaviors, including smoking. |
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Term
| What did you learn about smoking in particular in the Christakis and Fowler study of 2008 ? |
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Definition
| compared to the year 2000, in 2008 there were a lot less smokes, and the smokers were clustered and marginalized..and they were no longer central in the social network. |
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Term
| People are more likely to quit smoking if they do so in a ?? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does smoking and college educated people correlate ? |
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Definition
| Colllege educated ppl are said to most likely be the ones to quit smoking. Also college educated ppl are more likely to influence other ppl, and be influenced by other college educated people as well. |
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Term
| Immediate experiences that people have are mostly through what ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the definition of socialization? |
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Definition
| the process of learning norms , values, and behavior patterns transmitted through social interactions. |
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Term
| The whole marijuana article is an example of what and how ? |
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Definition
| An example of socialization, because ppl had to "learn" how to smoke marijuana, how to like it, and how to associate the feelings they get from smoking marijuana to actually smoking marijuana. |
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Term
| What is the whole idea of being " Predictably Irrational" ? |
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Definition
| That humans are not completely rational beings who are able to optimize decisions in order to achieve their own goals . |
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Term
| what are the two "cognitive illusions" that we suffer from ? |
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Definition
| The paradox of choice, and Anchoring. |
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Term
| What is "the paradox of choice" ? |
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Definition
| when faced with more options, individuals often opt for the default or defer decision making altogether. |
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Term
| The whole hip surgery example where the doctors were originally given the option to just send the patient into hip surgery , and then presented with three or four medicines that could also potentially cure the hip problem , and then the doctors just chose the hip surgery instead anyways is an example of what ? & why ? |
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Definition
| The paradox of choice, because they were presented with so much options and didn't really have means of comparing them, so they just went with the default which was sending the patient into hip surgery. |
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Term
| what is the definition of " Anchoring" ? |
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Definition
| the psychological tendency to evaluate an option in relation to other options , which can be used to bias or judgment. |
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Term
| The whole magazine/print/internet example that made two things the same price , but offered a greater deal with one of the other thngs causing ppl to automatically choose that option out of all three just because it was better than just one of the options was an example of what ? & how/why? |
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Definition
| It was an example of anchoring, because out of all three choices , just by giving one option the upper hand on another one didnt neccessarily make it better than all the options. But as humans, we fall into this cognitive illusion, because we fail to realize that and just pick the one with the upper hand , because it makes the decision seem much "easier" . |
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Term
| ADHD is diagnosed on a lot of ____ criteria ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sociologists feel that illness is a ____ category ? |
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Definition
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Term
| which model of illness refers to what doctors typically mean when they say something is an illness? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which model of ilness reflects sociologists' view of how the world currently operates, not how it ideally should operate ? |
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Definition
| The Sociological Model of Illness |
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Term
| The assumption that illness is an objective label given to anything that deviates from normal biological functioning is a part of which model of illness ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the term "objective" mean ? |
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Definition
| Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts. |
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Term
| What does the term "subjective" mean ? |
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Definition
Based on , or influenced by personal feelings , tastes, or opinions.
Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.
Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.
Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions. |
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Term
| Which model of illness begins with the statement that illness is a subjective label , which reflects personal and social ideas about what is normal as much as scientific reasoning ? |
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Definition
| The Sociological Model of Illness |
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Term
| Sociologists point out that ideas about ___ differ widely across both individuals and social groups ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three characteristics of illness in the medical model ? |
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Definition
| Illness is an objective label, illness is nonmoral, and illness is an apolitical label. |
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Term
| What are the three characteristics of illness in the sociological model ? |
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Definition
| Illness is a subjective category, illness is a moral category, and illness is a political label. |
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Term
| The idea that " All educated people agree on what is normal and what is illness" represents which model of illness, and what part? why? |
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Definition
| Medical Model of Illness; shows that it's an objective label, because they basically choose whatever it is just based on facts or "what it is". Therefore, it's like set in stone, because the educated will hold the final say so. |
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Term
| The idea that " Educated people sometimes disagree on what should be labeled illness" is a part of which model of illness and which part ? why ? |
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Definition
| Sociological model of illness; Ilness is a subjective category; because it's basically up for discuss , because in a subjective category a lot of things are taken into account and can have an effect ..it's not one of those "it is what it is" type of situations. |
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Term
| Give an example of an obejective vs. subjective explanation in terms of the medical and sociological model of illness. |
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Definition
| Let's say a woman has FSD ( Female sexual dysfunction ). Medical model would say it was a biological disease, but sociological model would say its a LABEL given to women who are distressed by their lack of sexual responsiveness with their partner. |
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Term
| Which model feels as if conditions and behaviors are labeled illness when they are considered bad ( deviant - departed from usual or accepted standards.) ? why ? |
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Definition
| The Sociological model of illness; because illness is a moral category to them . |
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Term
| The idea that "conditions and behaviors are labeled illness scientifically, without moral considerations or consequences" comes from which model of illness ? |
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Definition
| Medical model of illness , because they feel illness is nonmoral. |
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Term
| The idea that " some groups have more power than others to decide what is an illness and who is ill" is part of which model of illness , and what does it prove? |
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Definition
| Sociological Model of Illness; it proves that Illness is a POLITICAL LABEL , because on the apolitical side they say that " blah blah disease" was discovered through scientific research. |
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Term
| What is the definition of Medicalization ? |
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Definition
| The process of identifiying a condition as a medical problem requiring a medical solution & it's the process of broadening the definition of an ilness . |
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Term
| What does it mean by medicalization "broadening" the definition of an illness ? |
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Definition
| Basically like Child abuse, at first it was something that could only be diagnosed to kids age 3 yrs and under, but nowadays the definition has expanded and is much mch broader than that. |
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Term
| What does it mean by medicalization "broadening" the definition of an illness |
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Definition
| Basically like Child abuse, at first it was something that could only be diagnosed to kids age 3 yrs and under, but nowadays the definition has expanded and is much mch broader than that. |
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Term
| Heavy drinking, gambling addiction, child abuse and ADHD are all examples of what ?? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; chronic condition...difficulty sustaining attention. & treatment won't cure it :( |
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Term
| Masturbation and homosexuality are examples of ?? |
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Definition
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Term
| what's the definition of demedicalization ? |
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Definition
| taking the complete medical context and medical solutions out of certain things. |
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Term
| What are some of the consequences of medicalization ? |
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Definition
| promotes social awareness of a problem, has unintended negative consequences, & counter-pressures toward demedicalization |
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Term
| What are the two unintended negative consequences of medicalization ? |
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Definition
| Increases power of doctors, and decreases power of other social authorities. |
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Term
| What is the definition of social construction ? |
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Definition
| Ideas created by a social group, as opposed to something that is objectively or naturally given. |
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Term
| Countries don't always abide by the "ethical code" , because of ?? |
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Definition
| Their social/cultural views . |
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Term
| What's an example of a Social Construction ? |
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Definition
| The whole Sex Chromosome Anomalies (SCAs)that causes mutation and can cause infertility. In Israel fertility is important , so they would end up advising people to have an abortion. |
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Term
| which two countries feel as if they can address the question of a life unworthy living ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is behind the concept of "Labeling Behavior As A Mental Illness" ? |
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Definition
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Term
| A pattern of behavior is labeled as a mental illness if it is both ...? |
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Definition
| Unacceptable ( breaks norms) and Incomprehensible? ( can't understand motive) |
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Term
| What are the three types of norms? |
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Definition
| cognitive, performance, and feeling |
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Term
| what's the defition of cognition/cognitive ? |
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Definition
| The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. |
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Term
| The idea that "mental illness is defined by objectively measurable conditions" is a part of which part of the Models of Mental Illness ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that "mental illness is defined through subjective social judgments" is from which part of the Models of Mental Illness ? |
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Definition
| The sociological model part. |
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Term
| The idea that " mental illness stems largely or solely from something within individual psychology or biology" is a part of which part of the Models of Mental Illness ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that " mental illness reflects a particular social setting as well as individual behavior or behavior or biology" is a part of which part of the Models of Mental Illness ? |
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Definition
| the sociological model part |
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Term
| The idea that " mental illness will worsen if left untreated but may improve or disappear if treated promptly by a medical authority " is a part of which part of the Models of mental illness ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that " persons labeled mentally ill may experience improvement regardless of treatment , and treatment may not help" is a part of which part of the Models of mental illness ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that " medical treatment of mental illness can help but never harm" is a part of which part of the Models of Mental Illness ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that " medical treatment for mental illness sometimes can harm patients" comes from what part of the model of mental illness ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two examples of what are considered as mental illnesses by some? |
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Definition
| homosexuality , and clinical depression. |
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Term
| What is the DSM , and what does it do ? |
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Definition
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; it provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. |
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Term
| Homosexuality is a case of what ? |
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Definition
| A case of demedicalization |
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Term
| Whose behind the whole argument behind the concept of "transforming normally into pathology" ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Horwitz critiques of using the DSM ? |
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Definition
| He says that the DSM diagnosis of clinical depression lacks SOCIAL CONTEXT . |
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Term
| What does Horwitz feel as if using the DSM to diagnosis clinical depression will lead to since it lacks social context ? |
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Definition
| Inability to distinguish between normal response to stressful situations , and dysfunctional responses. Overestimation of pathology and conflation w/ normality. Depoliticize social problems ( diverting attention from social problems by depicting them as INDIVIDUAL disorders.... ( Basically just blaming indidviduals for what's going on. |
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Term
| Sociologists say that medicine is just like any other ..? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the characteristics of professionalization ? |
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Definition
| schools and standard training, national and local associations, and ..professional licensing |
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Term
| Who wrote the article titled "What makes a profession " ? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Parsons , what are the 3 characteristics a profession has ? |
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Definition
| Special autonomy, knowledge and a service ideal towards clients were the three characteristics |
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Term
| who came up with the whole " System of Professions " ?? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Abott feel like professions did ? |
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Definition
| Professions compete for exclusive jurisdiction ( a recognized right over social tasks using : the legal system , public opinion) But tasks themselves are created , reshaped, and abolished by external forces. |
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Term
| When is a profession successful in claiming jurisdiction and achieving public legitimacy ? |
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Definition
| when we think that tasks are objectively defined. There's a lot of conflict over jurisdiction. |
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Term
| Name some socialization to medical values ?? |
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Definition
| emotional detachment, clinical experience valued more than scientific research , mastering uncertainty, mechanistic model of the body and disease, intervention valued more than natural processes, and emphasis on acute and rare illness over chronic illness. |
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Term
| The patient-doctor relationships seems to be more like a ..?? |
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Definition
| Paternalistic relationship. |
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Term
| what are some characteristics of the paternalistic value system ? |
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Definition
| Brief patient visits ( 21 minute average ) , ignore problems raised by patient, and the doctors use of "close-ended" questions..smh..the irony there. |
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Term
| Who was it that talked about " Total Institutions " ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Total Institutions characterized by ? |
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Definition
| Segregation from outside world, and being stripped of social roles and possessions . Just like in jail. |
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Term
| What is the whole "Anti-Psychiatry Critique" ? |
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Definition
| Self-fulfilling prophecy: patients become what others expect of them. and Mortification: self-image is damaged and replaced by a personality adapted to institutional liking. |
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Term
| Whose considered "The Major Acts " ? |
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Definition
| Health care providers who all benefit from increasing costs. ( doctors, hospitals, pharmaceuticals, etc. ) |
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Term
| In health care, who tries to lower the price and reduce the costs ? |
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Definition
| The consumers and insurers |
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Term
| What is "actuarial risk rating" ? |
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Definition
| individuals premium based on individual risk. |
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Term
| What is "community rating" ? |
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Definition
| each person charged based on average risk of entire community . |
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Term
| Since the 1980's what has happened in U. S. health care costs ? and why ? |
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Definition
| costs have risen exponentially and have risen far higher than anywhere else. , because of high administrative costs, and consumers have no leverage. The u.s. is the only industrialized. |
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Term
| What was the 2010 patient protection and affordable care act ( ACA ) ? |
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Definition
| Also known as Obamacare; aimed primarily at decreasing the number of uninsured Americans and reducing the overall costs of health care. It also establishes individual mandate rather than gov't provision of insurance. Employer mandate to subsidize insurance |
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Term
| What is the definition of bioethics ? |
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Definition
| the ethics of medical and biological research . |
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Term
| What is the definition of a Bioethicist ? |
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Definition
| branch of ethics that studies moral values in the biomedical sciences. |
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Term
| Name some contemporary issues in Bioethics .??? |
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Definition
| the right to die, reproductive technology , enhancing human traits, stem cell research , setting priorities for funding healthcare. |
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Term
| Whatis and what are some of the Principles of the Nurembourg Code? |
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Definition
| It's a set of research ethics for human experimentation; there's ten points... the voluntary consent of the human is absolutely essential; the experiment should be neccessary to yield results for the good society; the experiment should be designed to avoid physical and mental injury; the experiment can only be conducted by scientifically qualified persons; the human can opt out if they feel harmed and feel its impossible; proper preparations must be made to avoid injury |
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