Term
| Which of the following does the author of the text describe as "opening a window onto unfamiliar worlds" and "offering a fresh look at familiar worlds"? |
|
Definition
| The sociological perspective |
|
|
Term
| To be classified as a society, what are the two key qualities a group of people must share? |
|
Definition
| a common culture and a territory |
|
|
Term
| What term do sociologists use to describe the corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the "sign" Calvinists believed God would send them to indicate they were in divine favor and destined for salvation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Herbert Spencer believed that societies evolved from lower to higher forms because as generations pass, the most capable and intelligent members of society prosper while the less capable die out. What term did Spencer use to describe this process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Based on the theories formulated by Karl Marx, what was the ultimate goal of the proletariat? |
|
Definition
| The proletariat sought to develop a classless society free of exploitation. |
|
|
Term
| What did Max Weber believe to be the force behind the rise of capitalism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1837, before Durkheim and Weber were born, who published Society in America? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Based on Emile Durkheim's research on suicide, which of the following individuals would be the greatest suicide risk? |
|
Definition
| Herbert, a single Protestant man living in the city. |
|
|
Term
| Jimmy and Alex are doing a survey on the opinion undergraduate students have regarding academic services at their university. There are 12,000 undergraduate students at their university, and they plan to survey 2,000 of them. The 12,000 students would be considered the ________ and the 2,000 students surveyed would be the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term do sociologists use to describe the language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, and material objects shared by members of society that are also passed from one generation to the next? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which term is used to describe a group's way of thinking, gestures, language, values, and social norms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sociological concept explains why native peoples in remote South American rainforests can be found using metal cooking pots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes hugs, smiles, and "high fives" that are freely given between two individuals as a sign of expressing approval for following a norm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anthropologist Ralph Linton made the remark, "The last thing a fish would ever notice would be water." How does the meaning of this statement relate to the understanding of culture? |
|
Definition
| Except in unusual circumstances, the effects of our own culture are imperceptible to us. |
|
|
Term
| When sociologists use the phrase, "the culture within us," what do they mean? |
|
Definition
| Shared and learned ways of believing and doing become taken-for-granted assumptions. |
|
|
Term
| Mark and Sally went walking in the park. Both of them were wearing nothing on the upper half of their bodies. In American culture, Mark would be violating a ________ and Sally would be violating a ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marshall is exploring how the various aspects of the Lenape culture fit together, including their religion, family values, agricultural efforts, and customs, without judging those elements as being inferior or superior to modern Western ways. In doing so, what sociological concept is Marshall practicing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tendency to use our own group's ways of doing things as the yardstick for judging the behavior, values, and beliefs of others? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mark is a foreign exchange student living with a Chinese family. The first night he was with them his hosts served a delicious entree of meat and vegetables. Although tasty, Mark could not identify the meat. When his host told him it was roast dog Mark became upset and decided to become a vegetarian for the course of his stay. In view of this, which sociological concept did Mark just experience? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another term for Freud's concept of the superego? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the result of the study conducted by H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye where they placed an experimental group of mentally challenged babies in an institution to be cared for by mentally challenged adults? |
|
Definition
| The intelligence scores of the babies significantly increased when retested two and a half years later. |
|
|
Term
| Prior to the research of H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye, what was the underlying belief about why children who were reared in orphanages tended to have lower IQ scores? |
|
Definition
| It was because of biological reasons (i.e. "They were just born that way.") |
|
|
Term
| The primary difference in the case studies of Isabelle and Genie was that: |
|
Definition
| Because she did not receive intensive training until later in life, Genie failed to benefit significantly |
|
|
Term
| According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept? |
|
Definition
| Our self concept develops from interaction with others. |
|
|
Term
| What did the research of Melvin Kohn reveal as being the determinative factor in the goals that both working-class parents and middle-class parents had in rearing their children? |
|
Definition
| The degree of individual freedom the parents had on their jobs was the primary factor. |
|
|
Term
| Psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis observed the interactions of mothers and children to determine if the children were socialized differently depending on the child's sex. What was the conclusion they reached following their research? |
|
Definition
| Mothers unconsciously rewarded daughters for being dependent. |
|
|
Term
| Corinne is 6 years of age. She can count to 100 but is not sure what the numbers actually mean. According to Piaget, in what stage is Corinne functioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Becky and Frank are designing a study of a certain human behavior to determine whether the source of the behavior is rooted in "nature or nurture." Which of the following research methods would be likely to yield the most significant results? |
|
Definition
| a study of identical twins separated at birth |
|
|
Term
| In studied nonobservance, what reaction can be expected when an embarrassing or inappropriate act occurs? |
|
Definition
| Both parties discuss the act and decide if they should continue business. |
|
|
Term
| Gemeinschaft is to "intimate community" as Gesellschaft is to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the text, what is the biggest determinant of differences in human behavior and attitude? |
|
Definition
| their location in the social structure |
|
|
Term
| Which three variables does the author recognize as being especially significant in determining one's social class? |
|
Definition
| occupational prestige, income, and education |
|
|
Term
| What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the concepts of judge, professor, mother, student, soldier, and mechanic have in common? |
|
Definition
| They are all achieved statuses. |
|
|
Term
| A(n) ________ designates social position while a(n) ________ designates socially expected behavior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Amish dress alike, have uniform standards on appearance, worship together, and believe that everything they own is for the communal good. What term did Durkheim use to describe such a relationship of shared values and other bonds among people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hilda is studying at the library. She has placed her coat on the chair next to her and has spread books in front of the other chairs radiating out about 3 and 1/2 feet from her. Hilda is trying to establish a distance zone that Hall would call Hilda's ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alice is getting ready for an interview with a potential employer. She has picked out a blazer and skirt and has had her hair done at the salon. Alice is relying on her manner and her appearance to communicate to the employer that she would be an excellent employee. What term would Goffman use to describe Alice's behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classification best describes groups that organize on the basis of some mutual interest, such as the Girl Scouts, Knights of Columbus, and labor unions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does "the McDonaldization" of society refer to? |
|
Definition
| the predictability and standardization of everyday life |
|
|
Term
| What term describes the tendency of a bureaucracy to promote employees to their level of incompetence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs when members of a larger group believe that giving help is no more their responsibility than anyone else's? |
|
Definition
| diffusion of responsibility |
|
|
Term
| Of the following characteristics, which one least applies to bureaucracies? |
|
Definition
| personal attention and individualism |
|
|
Term
| When Judith Kleinfeld replicated Milgram's experiment on small world phenomenon, what did she conclude? |
|
Definition
| We are separated by fewer degrees of separation than Milgram reported. |
|
|
Term
| According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter, what is an aspect of "hidden" corporate culture? |
|
Definition
| Self-fulfilling stereotypes lead managers to promote workers who are like themselves. |
|
|
Term
| Even though all the players on the Edinboro University football team practice as a team, the quarterback and a few other players independently run drills and lift weights together all year long. They are also best friends and do many other non-athletic activities together. In view of this, what type of group do the quarterback and his receivers comprise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patrick has been a member of the Democratic Party since he registered to vote over 40 years ago. He eventually became a part of the local party leadership and is now the county party chairman. Patrick's experience in the Democratic Party supports which of the following conclusions about primary and secondary groups? |
|
Definition
| Secondary groups tend to break down into primary groups. |
|
|
Term
| Becky has placed pictures of her two children, the family dog, and her summer vacation on the walls of her work cubicle. By doing so, what is Becky most likely trying to accomplish? |
|
Definition
| She is taking steps to resist alienation. |
|
|
Term
| For a deviant act to be classified as a crime, what quality must pertain to it? |
|
Definition
| There must be a rule written into law. |
|
|
Term
| What concept refers to the formal and informal means of enforcing norms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major difference between sociological and psychological theories used to explain deviance? |
|
Definition
| Sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, while psychological explanations look for answers within the individual. |
|
|
Term
| Which personal characteristic of an individual would a sociologist be most likely to address when trying to determine the cause of an individual's deviant behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Based on Merton's strain theory, drug addicts, alcoholics, the homeless, and others who have rejected both the cultural goals and the institutional means of achieving them are engaged in which mode of adaptation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Based on control theory, when are inner controls most effective? |
|
Definition
| When we have strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with society. |
|
|
Term
| Based on the number of violent crimes per capita, what is the most dangerous state in the United States? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Mideast, suicide bombers are offered high praise for their fatal acts of patriotism. Their parents are compensated, and it is believed the suicide bomber immediately goes to heaven where he or she is greeted by Allah and 72 virgins. What does this scenario represent as it relates to behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joe has developed an "excess of definitions" that support his decision to cheat on his taxes and declare a fictitious dependent. Joe believes the benefits he will reap in lower taxes outweigh the chance of his being caught by the IRS. Based on this rationalization, which theory explains Joe's decision to enter a life of crime? |
|
Definition
| Differential Association Theory |
|
|
Term
| On the first Friday of every month, Joseph stalks elderly women as they find a bank to cash their Social Security checks. After they leave the bank he snatches their purses, taking the cash. When asked by a fellow thug if he ever had second thoughts about stealing from the elderly, Joseph responded, "Never...these old biddies have money to burn...they'll never miss it. Besides, all they need to do is call the Social Security office and tell them what happened and they'll send them another check." What technique of neutralization is Joseph utilizing to maintain a positive self-image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three most important variables in determining one's place in the social stratification system? |
|
Definition
| property, power, prestige |
|
|
Term
| In the Roman empire, which reason was the least likely to explain why an individual would be enslaved? |
|
Definition
| The individual was born a slave. |
|
|
Term
| In the New World, what group did the colonists first attempt to enslave, even though this effort failed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the underlying basis of India's caste system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the caste system, what is the washing ritual that restores purity following ritual pollution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major characteristic of the class system of stratification? |
|
Definition
| A class system has fluid boundaries that permit movement up and down the class ladder. |
|
|
Term
| What term would Karl Marx use to describe the DuPonts, Vanderbilts, Rockefellers, and other major industrialists in American history? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the primary purpose behind colonialism as it was practiced during the 18th and 19th centuries by the nations of Europe? |
|
Definition
| to establish economic colonies and exploit the people and resources |
|
|
Term
| World system theory states that some nations grew economically dependent on trade with the countries that industrialized first, such as Britain, France, and Germany. What term did Wallerstein use to describe the 4 nations that industrialized first ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term do sociologists use to refer to a large group of people who rank closely together in property, power, and prestige? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Based on the model of Kahl and Gilbert, which social class is most shaped by education? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What formula would a sociologist use to determine one's wealth? |
|
Definition
| Wealth = total property - total debts |
|
|
Term
| In addition to the criteria of wealth, power, and prestige, what other component did Kahl and Gilbert include in their six-tier model of class in capitalist countries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next? |
|
Definition
| intergenerational mobility |
|
|
Term
| During the Great Depression thousands of people found themselves in a lower social class. What type of social mobility did this event illustrate? |
|
Definition
| Correct structural mobility |
|
|
Term
| What did Higginbotham and Weber discover about women from working-class backgrounds who now occupied professional, managerial, and administrative positions? |
|
Definition
| They were all encouraged by their parents to get an education. |
|
|
Term
| What is the trend in U.S. society whereby poor families have become increasingly headed by women? |
|
Definition
| The feminization of poverty |
|
|
Term
| Judy cleans homes for very wealthy clients. She also does some personal catering for her wealthiest clients during their holiday season. As a result, she earns about three times more than the average person in her small, rural hometown. Based on this information, what is the most likely way that Judy's friends and neighbors will react to her? |
|
Definition
| Judy's neighbors will ignore what she makes and more likely consider her a scrub woman |
|
|
Term
| Jocko has a high school diploma and owns a corporation that nets over a million dollars a year. In view of this, which of the following is the best description of Jocko based on middle-class standards? |
|
Definition
| Jocko is status inconsistent because his level of education, which is not consistent with his rank in property and power |
|
|
Term
| What is the variable that most distinguishes one race from another? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the attempted destruction of a group of people because of their presumed race or ethnicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term was used to describe the Serb massacre of Muslims in Bosnia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two major myths about race that are refuted in the text? |
|
Definition
| Certain races are superior to others, and pure races exist. |
|
|
Term
| How many racial groups did anthropologist Ashley Montagu identify in his typological matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hindu was a choice on the U.S. Census as a race from 1920 to 1940. What is the most logical reason it was removed? |
|
Definition
| Hindu is a religion, not a race |
|
|
Term
| Sociologists refer to those members of society with the greater power and privilege (the ones who do the discriminating) as the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which statement is always true of dominant groups? |
|
Definition
| A dominant group has greater power and privilege than another. |
|
|
Term
| Prejudice describes ________ while discrimination describes ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some African Americans make efforts to straighten their hair to look more "white" and believe African American women with lighter skin are more beautiful than those with dark skin. What is this phenomenon called? |
|
Definition
| the internalization of the norms of the dominant group |
|
|
Term
| What do sociologists call a tendency for people to be blind to the messages that labels convey? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the 18th century, executioners wore black hoods to conceal their identities and separate their actions from a sense of being a good and moral person. What is such a tactic called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What race-related legislation did Senator S. I. Hayakawa of California introduce in 1981? |
|
Definition
| an English-only amendment to the Constitution |
|
|
Term
| Which sociologist argues that social class has become more important than race in determining the life chances of African Americans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During World War II, Japanese Americans were placed in internment camps.But Chinese, Koreans, and other Asians were also discriminated against in the U.S. because they "looked" Japanese. What is this tendency for people to stereotype ethnic or racial groups that are distinctly different from each other, but have similar characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ethnic group does the text refer to as the "invisible minority"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which ethnic group is it most likely that children will grow up with parents who are married to each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From which country do Americans of European descent most often trace their ancestry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intergroup strategy that involves separating minority groups from dominant groups so that minimal contact occurs between them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sociological perspective is the concept of selective perception most affiliated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the best example of gender stratification? |
|
Definition
| Women are not permitted to vote, own property, or testify in court in some societies. |
|
|
Term
| What evidence do sociologists emphasize in their response to biologists that genetics cannot be the principal factor in determining human behavior? |
|
Definition
| Behavior among men and women would be more universal around the world. |
|
|
Term
| What is the dominant sociological position to explain gender-based behavior? |
|
Definition
| Social factors are the reason for human behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Why are women classified as a minority group? |
|
Definition
| Women are discriminated against based on physical or cultural characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| What was the result of the remarks made by the President of Harvard University suggesting women had inborn characteristics making them less competitive than men in fields such as engineering? |
|
Definition
| The President resigned his position after being chastised by his faculty and staff |
|
|
Term
| In what countries mentioned in the text has mass media helped create an incipient women's movement by showing women that other gender relationships are possible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In India, what is the practice of suttee? |
|
Definition
| The burning of the living widow during cremation with her dead husband |
|
|
Term
| In some societies, such as Pakistan, Jordan, and Kurdistan, a woman who is believed to have brought disgrace to the family may be killed by a male relative. What is this practice called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Female circumcision is a custom in some societies. How do feminists view this practice? |
|
Definition
| They consider it a form of ritual torture to control female sexuality. |
|
|
Term
| The first wave of the women's movement had a radical branch and a conservative branch. What was the goal of the conservative branch? |
|
Definition
| Reforming the social institutions of politics and the military to be free of sexist practices. |
|
|
Term
| Research of hospital records revealed that women were more likely than men to die from coronary bypass surgery. When researchers looked for an answer, what did they discover was the most likely cause of these differing rates in death from this surgery? |
|
Definition
| unintentional sexual discrimination |
|
|
Term
| What were the goals of the second wave of the women's movement that began in the 1960s? |
|
Definition
| The goals are broad-ranging, from raising women's pay to changing policies on violence against women. |
|
|
Term
| What must any solution to the problem of gendered violence accomplish? |
|
Definition
| Any connections between violence and masculinity must be broken. |
|
|
Term
| The life expectancy of men born in the year 2010 is approximately ________ and the life expectancy of women born that year is approximately ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do symbolic interactionists believe that the social value of the elderly in America changed when the economy shifted from being based on agriculture to industry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the theory developed by Swedish sociologist Lars Tornstam that postulates as people grow older they develop more subtle ways of viewing right and wrong and can tolerate more ambiguity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the baby boom generation reaches retirement age, how will it affect the U.S. job market? |
|
Definition
| Many jobs will open up at roughly the same time. |
|
|
Term
| Which theory suggests society would be disrupted if the elderly left their positions only when they died or became incompetent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Patti Sue was 49 she decided to retire in five years. By that time she would have more than 35 years of service with her company and be able to retire without penalty and full benefits. According to Elaine Cumming, what stage in the life course did Patti Sue initiate when she was 49? |
|
Definition
| She began the first stage of disengagement. |
|
|
Term
| What term describes the tendency for television stations to retain older male newscasters but replace aging female newscasters in favor of younger, more attractive women? |
|
Definition
| a reinforcement of gender age stereotypes |
|
|
Term
| Sylvia legally has three husbands--Ryan, Matthew, and Frank. In view of this, which assessment most accurately applies to Sylvia? |
|
Definition
| Sylvia is living in a society that practices polyandry |
|
|
Term
| When Frank was only 1 year old he was "unofficially" adopted by another family on the block when Frank's parents were killed in an automobile accident. Frank lived with this family until he enlisted in the military when he was 19. How would sociologists classify the adopting family that Frank lived with for 18 years? |
|
Definition
| It was Frank's family of orientation. |
|
|
Term
| Regina lives in a society in which children are related to their father's relatives but not their mother's relatives. What type of descent system does this illustrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sociological perspective emphasizes housework as "women's work" and mowing the lawn as "men's work" in a traditional orientation toward household chores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is most true of love and courtship? |
|
Definition
| Romantic love is the concept of people being sexually attracted to one another and idealizing each other. |
|
|
Term
| Of the following, which set of variables is most significant in the process of socially channeling marriage? |
|
Definition
| education, social class, race-ethnicity, age |
|
|
Term
| What percent of American adults age 25 to 29 are living with their parents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following variables has the strongest influence on the variations found in American family life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary source of strain in the typical one-parent family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zachary's parents were divorced three years ago. During the first year after the divorce, Zachary's father visited him every week. Then Zachary's father remarried and fathered another child. Now he rarely visits Zachary. What is this scenario called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary reason many employers rely on diplomas and degrees as sorting devices to choose employees? |
|
Definition
| Employers do not know potential employees, and they depend of schools to weed out the incapable. |
|
|
Term
| What were the two major goals for instituting public education in America during the 1800s? |
|
Definition
| It was to produce more educated workers and "Americanize" immigrants |
|
|
Term
| Community colleges account for approximately what percentage of American undergraduate students? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Least Industrialized Nations, who is most likely to participate in a formal education program beyond the first couple of grades? |
|
Definition
| Primarily the wealthy because of the relative high cost of education in these nations |
|
|
Term
| What is the major criticism a conflict theorist would make of the hidden curriculum? |
|
Definition
| It perpetuates social inequalities. |
|
|
Term
| In the United States, what single factor best predicts who will attend college? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the research conducted by George Farkas, what did Farkas determine to be the deciding factor on which students received the highest grades? |
|
Definition
| The students with the highest grades "signaled" to teachers they are better students |
|
|
Term
| In the United States today, one-third of all entering college freshmen have an overall high school grade point average of A- or higher, twice what it was in 1970. What is the reason for this increase in students with high grades? |
|
Definition
| Teachers have inflated grades |
|
|
Term
| Renee has difficulty in reading and writing. However, despite her problem with reading and writing, she has been passed into the next grade every year. This is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tommie has a high school diploma but is having exceptional difficulty finding a job because he has difficulty reading the classified ads and completing employment applications. Tommie is a good example of a problem in education referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
