Term
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Definition
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Term
| Education in Earlier Societies |
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Definition
| Education was not a separate social institution. Instead, children learned how to cook or hunt as these were the essential skills of society. These skills were taught by parents or other relatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Laws that require all children to attend school until a specified ages or until they complete a minimum grade in school. |
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Term
| True or False: 1:8 Americans has not made it through high school. |
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Definition
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Term
Education in the Least Industrialized Nations: Egypt
Poor v. Wealthy |
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Definition
The government guarantees six years of free education for all. Still, many poor children do not receive any education because they do not have the time or means to travel to receive the formal education. After the six years of grade school, students are tracked based on their subject interest and are done with school by 14. College education is free.
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Term
| Functionalist Perspective on Education |
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Definition
A 'formal' system of universal education was needed in order to teach knowledge, values, and skills for an industrial/post-industrial society.
i.e. the three Rs: Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic |
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Definition
| The use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work. |
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Term
| Cultural Transmission of Values |
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Definition
| The process of transmitting values from one group to another; often refers to how cultural traits are transmitted across generations; in education, the ways in which schools transmit a society's culture, especially in its core values. |
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Term
| Gatekeeping (Social Placement) |
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Definition
| The idea that schools open the doors of opportunity for some and close them for others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sorting of students into different programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities. |
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Term
| Conflict Perspective on Education |
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Definition
| The education system exists to reproduce social class structure and holds the inequalities spread accross generations in tact. The educational system only benefits people at the top of the social class ladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unwritten goals of schools such as treaching the rules of behavior and attitude (obedience to authority; conformity to cultural norms), stresses the importance of becoming a good worker, and supports the status quo by keeping people in their respectiver social classes. |
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Term
| IQ Tests (Intelligence Quotient) |
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Definition
| Measure intelligence and acquired knowledge |
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Term
| Cultural Biases with IQ Tests |
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Definition
| Words and concepts used in IQ tests help to keep the social class system in tact. Not all intelligent people may be able to answer questions with a cultural bias, and those that do have the test tilted in their favor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The states that spend more on education have higher quality schools, mainly because they attract higher quality teachers. |
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Term
| Conflict Theorists on Unequal Funding |
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Definition
| Because schools are supported largely by local property taxes, the richer communities have more to spend on their children's education. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sociological principle that schools correspond to (or reflect) the social structure/characteristics of their society. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Society & Characteristics of Schools |
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Definition
1. Capitalism -- Encourages competition
2. Social Inequality -- Unequal funding of schools
3. Social Class Bias -- Funnel children of the poor into job training programs that demand little thinking
4. Bureaucratic Structure of Corporations -- Provide a model of authority in the classroom
5. Need for submissive workers -- Make students submissive to teachers
6. Need for dependable workers -- Enforce punctuality in attendance and homework
7. Need to maintain armed forces -- Promote patriotism |
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Term
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Definition
| A child's journey through shcool is determined by the 8th day of kindergarten, which affects the rest of their lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Merton's term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher grades given for the same work; general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| High school graduateswho have never mastered things they should have learned in grade school; this includes difficulty with reading, writing, and math. |
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Term
| True or False: Despite the school shootings that make for dramatic headlines, shooting deaths at schools are decreasing. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rituals centering on the things considered sacred |
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Term
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Definition
| Things set apart or forbidden that inspire fear, awe, reverance, or deep respect. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Church, which results from a group's beliefs or practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believers of a large, highly organized religious group that has formal, sedate worship services with little emphasis on evangelism, intense religious experience, or personal conversion. |
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Term
| Functionalist Perspective of Religion |
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Definition
| Religion is universal because it meets universal human needs. |
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Term
| The Functions of Religion |
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Definition
1. Questions about Ultimate Meaning/Purpose
2. Emotional Comfort
3. Social Solidarity
4. Guidelines for Everyday Life
5. Social Control
6. Adaptation
7. Support for the Government
8. Social Change |
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Term
| Functional Equivalents of Religion |
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Definition
Any group that is not a religion and answers questions about ultimate meaning, provides emotional comfort, and guidelines for everyday life.
i.e. Alcoholics Anonymous, psychotherapy, humanism, transcendental meditation, and even political parties. |
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Term
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Definition
| How religion can bring harmful results, i.e. war, terrorism, and persecution. |
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Term
| The Conflict Perspective on Religion |
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Definition
| Religion supports the status quo and helps to maintain social inequalities. |
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Term
| Legitimation of Social Inequalities |
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Definition
| Religion teaches that the existing social arrangements represent what God desires. |
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Term
| Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber) |
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Definition
| Religion's focus on the afterlife is a source of profound social change. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by thrift and hard work. |
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Term
| Ecclesia (state religions) |
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Definition
| Government and religion work together to shape society; a religious group so intergrated into the dominant culture it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off. |
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Term
| True or False: About 65% of Americans belong to a church, synagogue, or mosque. |
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Definition
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Term
| Social Class and Religious Participation |
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Definition
| Americans who change their social class also tend to change their religion. Religion and social class status changes are due to new views on the world, molding in new preferences in music, and styles of speech. |
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Term
| Diversity of Groups in the U.S. |
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Definition
No religious group constitutes as one dominant religion in the United States.
77.8% of Adults are Christian
16.3% of Adults have no religion |
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Term
| Secularization of Religion |
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Definition
| Shifting the focus from spiritual matters to concerns about the affairs of this world. |
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Term
| Secularization of Culture |
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Definition
| the process by which a culture becomes less influenced by religion. |
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Term
| Questions about Religion that Science cannot answer: |
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Definition
1. The existence of God.
2. The purpose of Life.
3. An Afterlife.
4. Morality. |
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Term
| Functionalist Perspective on the Sick |
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Definition
| If society is to function well, its people need to be healthy enough to perform their normal roles. |
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Term
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Definition
1. You are not held responsible for being sick.
2. You are exempt from normal responsibilities.
3. You don't like the role.
4. You will get competent help so you can return to your routines. |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of babies that die before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births. |
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Term
| Professionalization of Medicine |
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Definition
| The development of medicine into a specialty that requires physicians to 1) obtain a rigorous education, 2) regulate themselves, 3) take authority over clients, 4) claim theoretical understanding of illness, and 5) present themselves as doing a service to society, rather than just following self-interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medicine is the only legal monopoly in the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| payment to a physician to diagnose and treat a patient's medical problems. |
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Term
| "Having Babies is Men's Work" |
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Definition
| Childbirth used to be women's work exclusively. Then physicians formed the AMA, which were made up of men because they were the only ones able to receive an education, and got states to pass laws which made it illegal for anyone other than a physician to deliver babies. Now delivering children is considered men's work. This tension between midwives and physicians continues today. |
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Term
| Were Americans healthier in the past? |
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Definition
| No. Contempory Americans live longer than their ancestors have in the past, therefore we can conclude that we are healthier. |
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Term
| Is Medical Care a Right or a Commodity? |
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Definition
If medical care was a right all citizens would have access to similar medical care. If medical care is a commodity, it is something that can be bought - the best policy goes to the highest bidder.
In the U.S. medical care is a commodity. |
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Term
| Figure 19.4: Costs of Medical Care |
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Definition
| The cost of medical care has increased over time. The average American pays 37% out of pocket costs and the rest of the bills are covered by insurance. |
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Term
| Figure 19.5: Income v. Days Sick in Bed |
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Definition
| The lower a person's salary the more sick days they accrue. |
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Term
| Two-tier system of Medical Care |
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Definition
| A system of medical care in which the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor inferior medical care. |
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Term
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Definition
| If deaths from medical errors were an official classification, it would rank as the 6th leading cause of death in the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
Dealing with people as though they were objects; in the case of medical care, as though the patients were merely cases and diseases, not people
i.e. Grey's Anatomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Doctors viewing patients as ATMs instead of people with diseases, sometimes counting down the minutes until they can move on to the next patient to make more money. |
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Term
| Medicalization of Society |
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Definition
| The transformation of the human condition, something that was not previously considered an issue, into a medical matter to be treated by physicians. |
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Term
| Should doctors be allowed to kill patients? |
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Definition
| Some doctors take advantage of euthanasia being legal in their practicing location, killing the patient without their express consent. On the other hand, doctors will provide prescriptions for patients to take at their own will. |
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Term
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Definition
| When private hospitals discharge patients who can not pay their medical bills before they are well and "dump" them into the responsiblity of a public hospital or any other hospital. |
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Term
| Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment |
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Definition
| The U.S. Public Health Service didn't tell 399 African American men in Mississippi that they had syphilis. Doctors continued to follow-up with the men once a year, recording their symtpoms, while not treating them and letting them die of the disease. |
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Term
| The Guatemalan Experiment |
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Definition
| In the 1940s, the U.S. Public Health Service purposefully infected prisoners, psychiatric patients, and sex workers with gonorrhoea and syphilis just to test out how well the drug penicillin was. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Army soldiers were used as guinea pigs to test the affects radiation fallout would have on the human body.
2. Patients were unknowingly tricked into being injected with uranium to test how much it would take to damage the kidneys. |
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