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| the smallest particle of a chemical element, consisting of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. |
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| a group of atoms chemically bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. |
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| Random electron motion produces temporary dipole in one molecule. Temporary dipole induces dipole in adjacent molecules. Presence of induced dipoles results in intermolecular interaction. Most common between different molecules. Typically increases with molecular size |
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| Interaction between centers of opposite charge in polar molecules. Electronegativity differences between atoms in molecule produce charges in the atoms. If centers of positive and negative charge within the molecule do not coincide, the molecule is polar |
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| Especially strong case of dipolar interaction in compounds with N-H, O-H, or F-H bonds. |
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| The electronegativity of an atom is defined as a measure of its ability to attract electrons. |
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| Measure of energy required to increase a liquid's surface area |
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| Organic compound consisting only of C and H atoms |
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| Simplest of organic compounds. Also called saturated hydrocarbons. All bonds are single covalent bonds and carbon backbone saturated with as many H atoms as it can possibly hold. |
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| Physical properties of Alkanes |
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| Longer chains yield higher boiling point and density. All the alkanes are insoluble in water. All the alkanes are lighter than water. |
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| Same molecular formula but differ in connectivity of the atoms |
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| Same connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement of the atoms |
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| Molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images. Definition: stereocenter is a carbon atom with four different groups attached to it. |
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| Properties of cyclohexane |
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| Most common cycloalkane, very stable, exists in boat or chair formation. chair is most stable |
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| Aromatic (fragrant) compounds |
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| Benzene and compounds that resemble benzene in chemical behavior |
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| anhydrides "oic anhydride" |
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| A collection of atoms and/or bonds responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound |
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| Hydrocarbon containing two double bonds |
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| Double bond alternating with single bond in hydrocarbon chain |
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