Term
| Basic organization of body system |
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Definition
1. Cell
2. tissue
3. organ
4. organ system
5. body |
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Term
| What is the largest and heaviest organ in your body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of skin? |
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Definition
| protection, absortpion, secretion, organ of sense, and thermo-regulation |
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Term
| What substance is secreted from the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is thick skin found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is thin skin found? |
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Definition
| eyelid, medial side of the arm, and almost the rest of the body. |
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Term
| What are the layers of the epidermis? |
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Definition
1. Stratum Basale or germinativum
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum |
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Term
| What are the layers of the dermis AKA corium? |
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Definition
1. Papillary layer
2. reticular layer
3. hypodermis or superficial fascia
4. deep fascia or epimysium |
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Term
| WHat separates the epidermis from the dermis? |
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Definition
| The basement membrane and the basal lamina |
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Term
| What is a major feature of the hyodermis AKA superficial fascia? |
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Definition
| This CT layer is infiltrated with fat cells. |
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Term
| What type of CT makes p the 2 layers of the dermis? |
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Definition
| papillary layer is made of loose CT and the reticular layer is made of dense CT. both contain type I collagen |
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Term
| the four major types of cells found in the epidermis |
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Definition
1. keratinocytes (most numerous)
2. Melanocytes (found on the basement membrane)
3. Langerhan cells (found within the straum spinosum)
4. Merker cells (found along the straum basale) |
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Term
| describe the staining property of keratinocytes |
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Definition
| basophilic due to the number and activity of ribosomes |
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Term
| characteristics of stratum basale |
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Definition
| It is a layer of the epidermis this is found at the bottom and is made of simple columnar epithelium. The cells are attached to each other by desmosomes and to the basal lamina by hemi-desmosomes. |
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Term
| Characteristics of stratum spinosum |
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Definition
| It is located above the straum basale and is made up of layers of increasingly flattened cells. These cells are attached to each other's spiny processes by intercelluar bridges called tonofibrils that are attached to extensions of other cells by desmosomes. |
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Term
| WHat makes up the stratum malpighi? |
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Definition
| the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum |
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Term
| Characteristics of stratum granulosum |
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Definition
| Only a few layers of flat cells. the cells are filled with keratohyalin like in the stratum spinosum. the extracelluar space is filled with lipid which creates a water proof seal. |
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Term
| characteristics of the stratum lucidum |
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Definition
| a thin layer of lightly staining very flat cells. usually only found in thick skin. the nuclei is barely visible. The intermediate filaments and the cellular matrix for immature keratin called eleidin |
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Term
| characteristics of the Stratum corneum |
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Definition
| made up of several layers of dead flat anucleated cells filled with soft keratin. this layer is constantly exfoliating |
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Term
| the lenghth of time it takes a cell of the stratum basale to reach the stratum corneum |
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Definition
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Term
| the 3 components that determine skin color |
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Definition
1. oxyhemoglobin- gives the skin a red tint
2. caroten- gives the skin a yellow tint
3. melanin- gives the skin a brown to black pigment |
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Term
| What do melanocytes produce and during development from what do they arise? |
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Definition
| produce melanin and develop from neural crest cells |
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Term
| Characteristics of melanocytes |
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Definition
1. they have a round body with irregular extensions that branch between the keratinocytes.
2. they are not attached to adjacent keratinocytes
3. are attached to the basal lamina via hemidesmsomes |
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Term
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Definition
1. TYROSINE which is synthesized on ribosomes and RER and the GOLGY of melan0cytes
2. Tyrosine is converted to 3-4 DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANIN (DOPA). This reaction is the result of enzyme TYROSINASE activity.
3. DOPA is converted to dopaquinne
4. THen after several transformations dopaquinone is converted to melanin |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which fully formed melanin granules (melanosomes) are transferred from melanocyte extensions into keratinocytes. |
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Term
| How do melanocytes appear on an H&E stain |
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Definition
| they appear look pale because the melanin granules are in the kerantinocytes. This the way the dermis protects the bodt from UV light damage |
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Term
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Definition
| darkening of the skin after exposure to UV light of sun, (UVB and UVA) is due to rapid production of melanin in the melanocytes. Chronic exposure to sun light is proved to cause serious damage and tumors of the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hereditary disease, is the absence of TYROSIINASE activity and melanin can not be formed in melanocytes, and causes generalized pale skin and hair and lack of melanin in other parts of the body such as iris of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| localized or sometimes generalized depigmented skin, due to absence or hypofunction melanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| pregnancy mask, hyperpigmention of skin; specially face, during pregnancy due to hormonal changes during pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypofunction of adrenal gland and increase ACTH and causes hyperpigmentation of the skin. This might very well be due to stimulation of melanocyte stimulating factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| dendritic cells found in the stratum spinosum, that act as antigen presenting cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Found in the basal layer of mostly thick skin.
the free nerve endings that pass from the basal lamina to the epidermis helps to feel sensation in the skin
act as mechanoreceptors |
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Term
| describe the layers of the basal lamina snd membrane and the type of collagen found |
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Definition
composed of 2 basale lamina and a basement membrane.
Type IV collagen is found in the basal lamina
Also Proteoglycans dermatan and heparan sulfate make up the ground substance |
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Term
| WHat type of collagen anchors the basal lamina to the underlying CT? |
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Definition
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Term
| A disease that is caused by an increase proliferation of cells of the stratum basale and a decrease cycle time of epidermal cells, causing epidermal thickness and patched of silvery scales of epidermis |
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Definition
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Term
| A disease that is characterized by the development of groups of vesicles and bullae, autoantibodies IgG are produced against the desmosomes of the epidermis |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of skin disorder occurs when IgG antibodies are made against the basal lamina and cause a separation of the whole epidermis from the dermis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the circulation of blood in the dermis and how it contributes to thermoregulation? |
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Definition
the superficial plexus provides nurishment to the epdiermis and it is located in the papillary layer.
There is also a venous plexus deeper in the dermis that has arteriovenous anastomoses that has metarterioles with sphincters.
When you are cold the sphincters are closed blood can't flow to the skin, this keeps the warm blood closer to the interior |
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Term
| The direction of the of fibroblast produce what and why are they important? |
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Definition
| langer or tension lines/ they are important in performing surgeries to help wound healing and will decrease scar formation. |
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Term
| What are the encapsulated nerve ending of the skin and what do they detect? |
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Definition
pacinian=pressure
Meissner=touch
Ruffini=heat
bulb of Kraus=cold |
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Term
| Which diseases are caused by 2 of the mucopolysacharidosis that the ground substance of the dermis is affected? |
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Definition
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Term
| A syndrome that occurs when there are various defects in collagen causing laxity and hyperextensibility of the skin and ligaments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| loosening of the skin is caused by |
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Definition
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Term
| THe invaginations of the epidermis from which hair develops |
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Definition
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Term
| the 3 layer of the hair that comes out of the skin surface |
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Definition
| medulla, cortex, and cuticle |
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Term
| What are the 3 phases of hair growth and how long do they last? |
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Definition
growing phase, anagen, continuous growth, last about 900 days
Regression phase, catagen, lasts 100 days
Resting phase, telogen, lasts 50-100 days |
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Term
| What is located on the tip of the bulb of the follicle |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when hair falls out after pregnancy and possibly after an acute fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes male pattern alopecia? |
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Definition
| androgenic effects of male hormones |
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Term
| Where does nail growth occur from |
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Definition
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Term
| the type of holocrine glands that are found in the hair follicle and produce sebum made of lipid, cholesterol, triglyceride, and squalene |
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Definition
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Term
| Are sebaceous glands controlled by a nerve? |
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Definition
| No, they are hormonally controlled. |
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Term
| When are sebacous glands activated and what can the cause |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of sweat glands? |
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Definition
Eccrine-found all over the body
Apocrine-appear after puberty |
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Term
| What type of sweat gland produces a watery and clear secretion and does not smell. Mode of secretion is merocrine. Are innervated by cholinergic nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of sweat glands appear at puberty. produce a pigmented, slightly visid, and smells, the mode of secretion is apocrine. innervated by adrenergic nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of epithelia found in sweat ducts |
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Definition
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Term
| the type of epithelia found in sweat glands |
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Definition
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