Term
|
Definition
| (rem-a-gees) wing feather-1º, 2º, flight feather |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (ret-try-seez) long feathers on tail |
|
|
Term
| functions of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
-Acts as physical boundary between bird internal structures and the external environment
-Provides protection against Injury, Parasites, and Pathogens
-Insulation – Thermoregulation – heating and cooling of the body – regulating blood flow
-Skin provides attachment structure for feathers
-Aids in flight; Acts as receptors for sensory stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Calamus
-Rachis
-Vane
-Barb
-Barbules
-Barbicels (hooklets) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Calamus
-Rachis
-Vane
-Barb
-Barbules
-Barbicels (hooklets) |
|
|
Term
| the different types of feathers |
|
Definition
-Contour
-Plumules
-Filoplumes
-Bristle
-Down |
|
|
Term
| how chickens cool off w/o sweat glands |
|
Definition
-Cool off by evaporation through wattle and comb; there’s increased vascularization there
-Pant and use respiration |
|
|
Term
| how controlling ammonia can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Days 1-14 most important in lesion development
-Proper ventilation
-Monitor relative humidity (~50-70%). |
|
|
Term
| how controlling ammonia can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Days 1-14 most important in lesion development
-Proper ventilation
-Monitor relative humidity (~50-70%). |
|
|
Term
| some nutritional considerations for addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
-Decrease Protein (high protein leads to wet droppings)
-all vegetable diets have been found to have higher incidence and severity of FPD
-Frequent ingredient changes causes bacterial imbalances which leads to wet droppings. |
|
|
Term
| some nutritional considerations for addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
-Decrease Protein (high protein leads to wet droppings)
-all vegetable diets have been found to have higher incidence and severity of FPD
-Frequent ingredient changes causes bacterial imbalances which leads to wet droppings. |
|
|
Term
| how litter management can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Deeper litter = drier litter = better paws
-Proper conditions: Dry, remove caked up litter |
|
|
Term
| how litter management can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Deeper litter = drier litter = better paws
-Proper conditions: Dry, remove caked up litter |
|
|
Term
| the functions of the uropygial gland |
|
Definition
-Lubricate scales
-Keep feathers pliable
-Provides waterproofing
-Antibacterial/antifungal properties
-Vitamin D precursors |
|
|
Term
| how waterline management can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Nipple flow rates and pressure
-appropriate nipple height
-leak repair |
|
|
Term
| how waterline management can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Nipple flow rates and pressure
-appropriate nipple height
-leak repair |
|
|
Term
| some differences between the integumentary system of birds and that of mammals |
|
Definition
-Poultry skin has NO sweat glands
-Poultry have a uropygial gland or preen gland which is a source of oil used to condition (water proof) the birds feathers (a process called preening), and glands in the outer ear canal.
-Skin of a chicken is very thin compared to mammals |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of plumules |
|
Definition
-Short shafted
-No interlocking hooklets
-Primary function is trapping air for the conservation of heat. |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of filoplumes |
|
Definition
-a.k.a. “Pin Feathers”
-Hard to remove in processing
-If dark in color, very detrimental to carcass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aka preen gland
-this gland is a source of oil used to condition (water proof) the birds feathers (a process called preening) |
|
|
Term
| the layers of the chicken's skin |
|
Definition
-epidermis
-dermis
-hypodermis |
|
|
Term
| the different contributions that feathers provide for birds |
|
Definition
-flight
-protection
-insulation
-reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What are some management changes that you can introduce to address issues with hock burns occurring in a broiler house? |
|
Definition
-litter management
-control ammonia
-waterline management
-nutritional consideration |
|
|
Term
| What are some management changes that you can introduce to address issues with hock burns occurring in a broiler house? |
|
Definition
-litter management
-control ammonia
-waterline management
-nutritional consideration |
|
|
Term
| the two different pigments that play a role in avian skin color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 types of contour feathers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of contour feathers that make them ideal for flight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the layers of the epidermis |
|
Definition
-stratum corneum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum germinativum |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of filoplumes |
|
Definition
-trap air for insulation
-Why do chicks have down, not feathers? Because they cannot thermoregulate |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of filoplumes |
|
Definition
-trap air for insulation
-Why do chicks have down, not feathers? Because they cannot thermoregulate |
|
|
Term
| What can lead to increased instances of foot pad dermatitis (hock burn)? |
|
Definition
-“Ammonia burn”
-Combination of Moisture (softens pads and leads to FPD), High ammonia, and Contact with feces
-High stocking densities
-Nutritional concerns: (High protein --> wetter litter)
-all vegetable diets; high density (or high fat) diets) |
|
|
Term
| What can lead to increased instances of foot pad dermatitis (hock burn)? |
|
Definition
-“Ammonia burn”
-Combination of Moisture (softens pads and leads to FPD), High ammonia, and Contact with feces
-High stocking densities
-Nutritional concerns: (High protein --> wetter litter)
-all vegetable diets; high density (or high fat) diets) |
|
|
Term
| the chicken's body temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you might want deeper litter when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| Deeper litter = drier litter = better paws |
|
|
Term
| why you might want deeper litter when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| Deeper litter = drier litter = better paws |
|
|
Term
| how feathers are arranged |
|
Definition
| Feathers are arranged in rows within tracts called pterylae. The feather tracts are separated by non-feathered spaces called apteria. There are approximately 13 pterylae and 8 apteria. |
|
|
Term
| the components of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
| In animals, the system comprises of the skin and its derivatives (e.g., feathers, beak, claws in birds). |
|
|
Term
| how feathers function in flight |
|
Definition
| Light, strong, large surface to weight ratio to generate lift |
|
|
Term
| how you want the litter to be when managing hock burn |
|
Definition
| Proper conditions: Dry, remove caked up litter |
|
|
Term
| how you want the litter to be when managing hock burn |
|
Definition
| Proper conditions: Dry, remove caked up litter |
|
|
Term
| How are broiler feathers rendered |
|
Definition
| Steam pressure cookers with temperatures over 140 °C are used to "cook" and sterilize the feathers. This partially hydrolyzes the proteins, which denatures them. It is then dried, cooled and ground into a powder for use as a nitrogen source for animal feed (mostly ruminants) or as an organic soil amendment. |
|
|
Term
| How are broiler feathers rendered |
|
Definition
| Steam pressure cookers with temperatures over 140 °C are used to "cook" and sterilize the feathers. This partially hydrolyzes the proteins, which denatures them. It is then dried, cooled and ground into a powder for use as a nitrogen source for animal feed (mostly ruminants) or as an organic soil amendment. |
|
|
Term
| how feathers function in protection |
|
Definition
| Waterproofing, parasites, pathogens, social signaling, camouflage |
|
|
Term
| how many pterylae does a chicken have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many apteria does a chicken have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how feathers function in insulation |
|
Definition
assist in temperature regulation - the chicken is homothermous (warm-blooded animal) and maintains a body temperature of 41ºC (105 to 106ºF)
-Cold: fluff feathers to trap air
-Hot: hold feathers erect to allow air flow to skin |
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why all vegetable diets are bad for FPD |
|
Definition
| because all vegetable diets have been found to have higher incidence and severity of FPD |
|
|
Term
| why all vegetable diets are bad for FPD |
|
Definition
| because all vegetable diets have been found to have higher incidence and severity of FPD |
|
|
Term
| why you don't wanna change the ingredients too frequently when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| because frequent ingredient changes causes bacterial imbalances which leads to wet droppings. |
|
|
Term
| why you don't wanna change the ingredients too frequently when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| because frequent ingredient changes causes bacterial imbalances which leads to wet droppings. |
|
|
Term
| how are feathers being repurposed? |
|
Definition
| being used to make feather meal and some other things, such as microchips and attracting oil, which can be useful in an oil spill |
|
|
Term
| how are feathers being repurposed? |
|
Definition
| being used to make feather meal and some other things, such as microchips and attracting oil, which can be useful in an oil spill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most important days in lesion development regarding hock burns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most important days in lesion development regarding hock burns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why have chicken feet and paws become important to poultry integrators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why have chicken feet and paws become important to poultry integrators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
feathers that are found under the contour feathers and form a soft, downy-like undercoat.
they are
-Short shafted
-No interlocking hooklets
-Primary function is trapping air for the conservation of heat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what chicken feathers do when the chicken is cold |
|
Definition
| fluff feathers to trap air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluffy or plumulaceous; these feathers have a less organized structure
-trap air for insulation
-Why do chicks have down, not feathers? Because they cannot thermoregulate |
|
|
Term
| how feathers function in reproduction |
|
Definition
| helping to attract a mate |
|
|
Term
| why you want to decrease the protein when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| high protein leads to wet droppings |
|
|
Term
| why you want to decrease the protein when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| high protein leads to wet droppings |
|
|
Term
| what chicken feathers do when the chicken is hot |
|
Definition
| hold feathers erect to allow air flow to skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost layer of the epidermis, where epidermis cells are formed |
|
|
Term
| the function of the down part of contour feathers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the use of oil from uropygial/preen gland |
|
Definition
| it is used to condition (water proof) the bird's feathers |
|
|
Term
| what bristle feathers are comparable to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle layer of the epidermis, transition layer where new live cells transform into outer layer dead cells |
|
|
Term
| How could you increase the pigmentation of a chicken’s skin/yolk? |
|
Definition
| more carotenoids, which come from mostly corn diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of the epidermis, made up of dead, flattened, dehyrated hard or horny cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the feather is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you tell the difference between a remiges and rectrices? |
|
Definition
| remiges have one side bigger than the other while retrices are symmetrical |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell the difference between a remiges and rectrices? |
|
Definition
| remiges have one side bigger than the other while retrices are symmetrical |
|
|
Term
| What part of the feather is used in rendering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the feather is used in rendering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the innermost tissue or layer of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the middle tissue of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
| the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage (e.g., external temperature, internal water loss). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outermost skin tissue (3 separate layers) |
|
|
Term
| thickness of the chicken's skin |
|
Definition
| the skin of a chicken is very thin compared to mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they are found around the mouth and eyes of poultry and are believed to aid in sensory ability and protect sensitive areas.
-Comparable to mammalian eyelashes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typical contour feathers are the flight quills on the wings and tail. They cover the body of the bird and have more down at the lower part of the feather. Down part of feathers trap air (insulate). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using oil from uropygial/preen gland to condition (water proof) the bird's feathers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very small, hair-like feathers with rudimentary barbs and barbules which are located at the apex.
-a.k.a. “Pin Feathers”
-Hard to remove in processing
-If dark in color, very detrimental to carcass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could you tell if a hen is a highly productive hen just by sight? |
|
Definition
| yellow pigment is removed from the birds own body in the production of eggs as well as coming from the feed. Can be used for judging hens for egg production. |
|
|
Term
| depiction of a down feather |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a down feather |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a bristle feather |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the different parts of a feather |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the different parts of a feather |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a contour feather |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ideal relative humidity for a broiler house |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ideal relative humidity for a broiler house |
|
Definition
|
|
