Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a lateral bending of the vertebral column, usually in thoracic region |
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Definition
| small bones, located in sutures (immovable joints) between certain cranial joints |
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Definition
outer fibrous layer (dense irregular connective tissue)
innerosteogenic layer (allows growth in thickness) |
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Definition
| contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate |
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Definition
"porous bones"
-bone resorption outpaces bone deposition
-depletion of calcium from body
-bones fracture spontaneously |
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Term
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Definition
inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix
-vitamin d deficiency
bone is soft, rubbery |
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Definition
(rickets in adults)
doesnt happen in forming new bone, happens in replacement of old bone |
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Definition
lamellae arranged in an irregular lattice of thin columns called trabeculae
-sometimes filled with red bone marrow-small blood vessels |
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Term
| the trabeculae of spongy bone tissue... |
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Definition
| support and protect the red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| blood cell production occurs in red bone morrow of spongy bone |
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Term
| zone of hypertrophic cartilage |
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Definition
3. large, mature chondrocytes
arranged in columns |
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Term
| zone of proliferaing cartilage |
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Definition
2. slightly larger chondrocytes are arranged like stacks of coins
-interstitial growth as they divide and secrete extracellular matrix |
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Term
| zone of resting cartilage |
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Definition
1. nearest epiphysis
-small scatterd chondrocytes
cells do not function in cell growth
-anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis of bone |
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Term
| zone of calcified cartilage |
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Definition
4. only a few cells thick and consist mostly of chondrocytes that are dead because the extracelluar matrix around then has calcified
-osteoclasts dissolve calcified cartilage->osteoblasts invade area laying down bone extracellular matrix |
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Term
| bone growth during infancy, childhood, and adolesence |
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Definition
long bone grows in length
other bones of body grow in thickness |
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Term
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Definition
1. interstitial growth of cartilage on epophyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
2. replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of epiphseal plate with bone bt endochonrl ossification |
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Term
| formation of articular cartilage and the epiphseal plate |
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Definition
6 of endochondral ossification
-hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses becomes the articular cartilage |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
1. development of the cartilage model
2. growth of cartilage model
3. developement of the primary ossification center
4. developemnt of the medullary cavity
5. develope secondary ossification center
6. formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate |
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Term
| development of secondary ossification center |
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Definition
| 5. when branches of the epiphyseal artery enter the epiphysis- secondary ossification centers develope- happens at about time of birth |
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Term
| developement of the medullary (marrow) cavity |
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Definition
4. osteoclasts break down some of the newly formed spongy bone's trabeculae
leaving a cavity- medullary in the diaphysis |
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Term
| developement of primary ossification center |
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Definition
| 3. nutrient artery penetrates perichondrium and calcifying cartilage model through nutrient foramen- stimulates cells in the perichondrium to differentiate into osteoblast instead of chondroblasts |
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Term
| growth of cartilage model |
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Definition
2 of endochondral ossification
chondroblasts when buried in cartilage extracellular matrix are called chondrocytes
-cartilage model grows by continual cell division of chondrocytes (interstitial growth) |
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Term
| 4 zones of epiphyseal plate |
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Definition
1. zone of resting cartilage
2. zone of proliferating cartilage
3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4. zone calcified cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
appositional growth (growth at outer surface)
-at bone surface cells in periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts
-osteoblasts develope into osteocytes, lamellae are added to surface of bone and new osteons are formed |
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Term
| bone formation occurs in four principle situations |
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Definition
1. initial formation in embry and fetus
2. growth of bones during infancy
3. remodeling of bone
4. repair of fractures |
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Term
| development of periosteum |
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Definition
4. of intramembranous ossification
mesenchyme condenses at the perphery of the bone and developes in periosteum |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue that is associated with blood vessls in the trabeculae differentiate into red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
2. of intramembranous ossification
secretion of extracellular matrix stops
-> now osteocytes lie in lacuna-> calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracelluar matrix hardens or calcifies |
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Term
| developement of ossification center |
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Definition
1. intramembranous ossification
mesenchymal cells cluster together and differentiate 1st osteogenic cells and then osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
cartilage model grows by continual cell division of chondrocytes accompanied by further secretion of the cartilage extracellular matrix
(growth from withen) |
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Term
| development of cartilage model |
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Definition
1 of endochondral ossification
-mesenchymal cells crowd together in shape of future bone and develope into chondroblast-> secrete cartilage extracellular matrix -> producing cartilage model-covering perichondrium surrounds model |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| replacement of cartilage by bone |
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Term
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Definition
| central haversain canal with its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocyte, and canaliculi |
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Term
| intramembranous ossificaion |
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Definition
flat bones of skull, and madible are formed this way
"soft spot harden this way |
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Term
| initial bone formation in an embryo and fetus |
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Definition
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification |
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Term
| intramembraneous ossification 4 steps |
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Definition
1. developement of ossification center
2. calcification
3. formation of tuberculae
4. developement of periosteum |
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Term
| bone typically found in ligaments or tendons |
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Definition
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Term
| formulation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate |
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Definition
6. of endochronral ossification
hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis becomes articular cartilage |
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Definition
| a congenital defect of the vertebral dolumn in which laminae of L5 adn or S1 fail to develope normally and unite at midline |
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Definition
"hollow back"
increase in lumbar curve of the vertabral column |
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Term
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Definition
increase in thoracic curve of the vertebral region
-degeneration of invertebral disc
round shouldered |
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Term
| sharpeys perforating fibers |
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Definition
| continuation of outer fibrous layer, anchors periosteum, penetrates into bone matrix |
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Term
| cells expected to be active in replacing bone matrix due to injury |
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Definition
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Term
| blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from periosteum penetrates compact bone through... |
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Definition
| transverse perforating (volkmanns) canals |
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Term
| how are the alignment of osteons in compact bone arranged |
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Definition
| along lines of physical stress |
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Term
| which event must occur first in appositional growth of bone |
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Definition
| periosteal cells differentiate to form osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
| form cranial cavity, which encloses and protects the brain, frontal bone, parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipiatl bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid |
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Term
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Definition
forms face
two nasal bones, two amxillae, two zigomatic, the mandible, two lacrimal, two palatine, two inferior nasal conchae, the vomer |
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Term
| types of cells in bone tissue |
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Definition
| osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
tubelike opening
ex- external auditory meatus |
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Term
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Definition
furrow along bone surface that accomadates a blood vessel, nerve, tendon
intertrabular sulcus of humerus |
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Term
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Definition
shallow depression
coronoid fossa of humerus |
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Term
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Definition
opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
optic foramen of sphenoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
very large projection
ex-greater tubercle of the humerus |
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Definition
sharp, slender projection
spinous process of vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
long narrow ridge or border
linea aspera of the femur |
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Term
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Definition
projection above a condyle
ex-medial epicondyle of the femur |
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Term
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Definition
prominant ridge or enlongated projection
iliac creset of hip bone |
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Term
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Definition
rounded articular projection supported on the neck (consticted portion) of a bone
ex- head of femur |
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Definition
smooth, flat artiular surface
ex- superior articular facet of vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
1. supports tissue and provides attachment for skeletal muscles
2. protects internal organs
3. assists in movement along with skeletal muscles
4. stores and releases minerals
5. contains red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells
6. contains yellow bone marrow, which stores tryglycerides |
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Term
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Definition
| upper and lower extremities, |
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Term
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Definition
| bones that lie around longitudinal axis |
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Term
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Definition
| projections or out growths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| allow passage of soft tissues(blood vessles and nerves) or forms joints |
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Definition
large, rounded, usually roughened projection
ex- ischial tuberosity of the hip bone |
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Term
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Definition
| shoulder blade, large, triangular, flat bone, situated in the superior part of posterior thorax between levels of 2nd, and 7th rib |
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Term
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Definition
collar bone, lies horizontally across the anterior part of the thorax superior to first rib
anterior bone and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint |
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Term
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Definition
a constricted portion of a rib just lateral to the head
-a knoblike structure on the posterior surface, where the neck joins the body is a tubercle |
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Definition
| a projection at the posterior end of the rib that contains a piar of articular facets |
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Definition
triangular in shape
-fusion of four coccygeal vertebral |
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Term
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Definition
| breastbone, is a flat, narrow bone located inthe center of the anterior thoracic wall and consists of three parts |
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Definition
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Term
| temporal process of zygomatic bone |
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Definition
| projects posteriorly and articulates with the zygomatic proces of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch |
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Term
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Definition
form the prominences of the cheeks and part of the lateral wall and floor of each orbit
articulates with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal bones |
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Term
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Definition
prominent foramin in the maxilla.
transmits braches of the greater palatine blood vessels and nasopalatine nerve |
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Definition
| a horizontal projection of the maxialla that forms the anterior three quarters of the hard palate |
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Definition
unite to form upper jaw bone
form partof the floors of the orbits part of later walls and floor of tha nasal cavity and most of hard palate |
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Definition
| form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity |
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Definition
| form the inferior later aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor |
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Definition
| socket located on the inferior posterior suface of zygomatic process of each temporal bone |
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Term
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Definition
| point of attachments for muscles and ligaments of the tongue and neck |
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