Term
| bone-rigidty and strength |
|
Definition
| specialized support tissue with the extracellular components mineralized. What is this, and what does it provide structurally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the two main forms of bone are ___ and ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immature form of bone characterized by random orientation of collagen fibers ->formed following injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of bone with coencentric layers with parallel collagen fibers, has increased strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be dense and comepact (cortex of long bones) or cancellous (spongy) at ends of bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains a network of thin, bony trabeculae(spicules) and open spaces (marrow cavity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones in the limbs are what kind of bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dense bone-in the cortex
cancellous(spongy)-in medullary cavity |
|
Definition
| where is the dense compact bone found in long bones, cancellous bone? |
|
|
Term
| red (hematopoetic) marrow, and yellow(fatty) marrow |
|
Definition
| medullary cavity can contain 2 types of marrow, what are they? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name for the ends of bones |
|
|
Term
| spongy (cancellous) bone covered with hyaline articular cartilage |
|
Definition
| what do epiphyses consist of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flared region between epiphysis and diaphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains epiphyseal plate of long bones, known as the physis to radiologists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external surface of bone, made of a layer of fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| fibroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells |
|
Definition
| what cells are found in periosteum/endosteum |
|
|
Term
| endosteum (histologically identical to periosteum) |
|
Definition
| internal surface of bone(marrow cavity) lined with this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parallel bundles of collagen fibers, extend from periosteum or muscle tendon and insert into superficial layer of bone, provide anchorage and support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "tent pegs" that anchor the periosteum down to the bone and prevent it from peeling off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting mesenchymal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are osteoprogenitor cells found? |
|
|
Term
| osteoblasts and osteocytes |
|
Definition
| what do osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| roughly polygonal mesenchymal cells derived from progenitor cells |
|
|
Term
| they synthesize large amounts of protein and proteoglycans (have lots of nucleus, mitochondria, ER, and organelles) |
|
Definition
| why are osteoblasts basophillic? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the synthesis of ECM and collagen, collectively referred to as osteoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the calcification of matrix via secretion of matrix vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is contained in matrix vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes precipitation of mineral salts Ca and PO4 |
|
|
Term
| after the matrix mineralizes and traps them in |
|
Definition
| when do osteoblasts mature into osteocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large multinucleate cells propbably derived from monocyte lineage, phagocytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large multinucleate cells probably derived from monocyte lineage, phagocytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells actively involved in resorption and remodeling of bone |
|
|
Term
| endosteal/periosteal surface in depressions called "Howship's lacunae" or resporbtion bays |
|
Definition
| where are osteoclasts usually found |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _______ function in calcium homeostasis by producing organic acids and lysosomes that digest bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osteoclast products are secreted intoECS by _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified, folded plasma membrane of osteoclasts containing microvilli-like structures involved in demineralization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serves as a calcium reservoir and functions in Ca homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| parathormone and calcitonin |
|
Definition
| what hormones regulate calcium homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| osteoclast activity (bone resorbtion) |
|
Definition
| what does parathormone stimulate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that raises blood calcium levels and decreases renal excretion by the kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is calcitonin secreted from |
|
|
Term
| osteoBLAST activity, inhibits osteoclasts ->bone deposition |
|
Definition
| what does calcitonin stimulate? |
|
|
Term
| calcitonin (and somatotropin) |
|
Definition
| hormone that decreases blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth, esp. epiphyseal cartilage and bone |
|
Definition
| what does somatotropin stimulate? |
|
|
Term
over: gigantism, acromegaly
under: pituitary dwarfism |
|
Definition
| what does oversecretion of somatotropin cause? undersecretion? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mature compact bone is ___% inorganic salts and ____% organic matrix |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 collagen, synth'd by osteoBlasts |
|
Definition
| 90% of organic matrix of bone is type ____ collagen synthesized by _____ |
|
|
Term
| hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate |
|
Definition
| main proteoglycans of bone ground substance |
|
|
Term
| osteocalcin, osteonectin, sialoproteins |
|
Definition
| list the non-collagenous organic molecules in bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds intracellular Ca during mineralization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bridges/binds collagen and minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rich in sialic acid, concentrated from plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mineralized component of bones formed by inorganic salts, Ca and P in form of ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical formula of hydroxyapetite |
|
|
Term
| heavy metals and radioactive isotopes |
|
Definition
| in addition to Ca and P, bone has a high affinity for this |
|
|
Term
| it interferes with myelination of neurons, which are being laid down with schwann cells as kids grow |
|
Definition
| why is lead accumulation bad in children? |
|
|
Term
| Ca and P are exchanged, but the heavy metals are not. Heavy metals can then accumulate, so if there is a broken bone, there can be a sudden release of a heavy metal =bad |
|
Definition
| what's bad about heavy metal poisoning? |
|
|
Term
| they irradiate nearby tissue causing DNA damage |
|
Definition
| whats bad about bone accumulation of radioactive isotopes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this substance is needed to mineralized bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced during bony remodeling aka Haversian systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and redeposition of new bone by osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
| size of an osteoclast (~200um diameter) |
|
Definition
| how big is the size of the Haversian system |
|
|
Term
acid bath +stain (eats away blood vessels and cells)
or grind it down until light passes through (no stain) |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 ways to process bone for histo viewing? |
|
|
Term
| compact(lamellar bone) not spongy or woven bone |
|
Definition
| where is the Haversian system present? |
|
|
Term
| blood vessels, nerves, surrounded by lamellae |
|
Definition
| what is contained in a Haversian canal? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how are Haversian canals oriented in regards to the long axis of the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the delimited margin of an osteon called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name of transeverse canal connecting longitudinal Haversian canals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each bony lamella laid down by successive layers of ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when osteoblasts become trapped in lacunae in osteoid matrix and mature they are called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small canals that connect osteocytes containing cytoplasmic extensions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how do osteocytes communicate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how do osteocytes get nutrients/get rid of waste? |
|
|
Term
| subperiosteal osteoblasts |
|
Definition
| at outer periphery of compact bone, dense cortical bone laid down by _________ ______ and covered with dense CT = periosteum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joint characterized by extensive joint movment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synovial joints are surrounded by a fibrous ___ __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does synovium have a basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| up to 4 cells thick of mesenchymal origin that secrete synovial fluid (type A and B cells) |
|
Definition
| what is synovium made of? |
|
|
Term
A-macrophages
B-fibroblasts |
|
Definition
| type A synoviocytes resemble ______, type B synoviocytes resemble ______ |
|
|
Term
| syndesmosis, synchondrosis, symphysis |
|
Definition
| list the 3 types of non-synovial joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joint that has limited movement, joined by dense CT, lacks articular surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense fibrous tissue between bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in skull syndesmosis is progressively replaced by bone to become sutures aka |
|
|
Term
| synchondrosis-unites 1st rib and sternum |
|
Definition
| primary cartilage joint composed of hyaline cartilage, only one in the human adult -what type of joint/where is it? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary cartilage joint, contains two hyaline cartilage surfaces connected by a fibrocartilage plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intervertebral joints are a special type of what kind of joint? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are intervertebral discs derived from |
|
|
Term
| coencentric layers of fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
| what are intervertebral joints(annulus fibrosis) formed from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central core of vertebrae made of viscous ground substance |
|
|
Term
| damage to the annulus fibrosus causing the nucleus pulposus to herniate |
|
Definition
| what causes a herniated disc? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in this disease, excessive uncontrolled secretion of parathormone by the parathyroid gland stimulates increase in numbers and erosive activity of osteoclasts, leading to diffuse destruction of bone (and radiological areas of lucency-"brown tumors") and predisposition to fracture. |
|
|
Term
| release of large amounts of ionic calcium -> hypercalcemia (seen in HYPERparathyroidsim) |
|
Definition
| A serious side effect of excessive bone erosion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease characterized by haphazard osteoclastic erosion of bone occuring in waves followed by increased osteoblastic activity attempting to replace eroded bone. the bone replacement doesn't always occur where bone has been eroded so the bone is distorted and weak. |
|
|
Term
| bone = type 1, cartilage type 2 |
|
Definition
| collagen of bone is primarily type _ where collagen of cartilage is mostly type __ |
|
|
