Term
| What is the human skeleton originally made up of? |
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Definition
Cartilages
Fibrous Membranes |
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Term
| Where is cartilage usually found? |
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Definition
| Where FLEXIBLE SKELETAL TISSUE Is needed |
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Term
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Definition
It is SPECIAL CONNECTIVE tissue.
It is made up of:-
Cells (CHONDROBLASTS+ CHONDROCYTES)
MATRIX (Ground subst+ Fibres)
AVASCULAR.
LACKS NERVE fibres.
Contains a large amount of WATER for Resilience and firmness.
Surrounded by PERICHONDRIUM (fibrous connective tissue) to resist expansion. |
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Term
| Name the types of cartilage. |
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Definition
HYALINE cartilage
ELASTIC cartilage
FIBROCARTILAGE |
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Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage found in the body? |
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Definition
COSTAL cartilage
Cartilage in the NOSE
Cartilage in the RESP PASSAGES (larynx, trachea)
Ends of LONG BONES in joint cavities |
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Term
| Where is elastic cartilage found in the body? |
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Definition
EPIGLOTTIS
External EAR (AURICLE, PINNA) |
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Term
| Where is fibrocatilage found in the body? |
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Definition
Cartilage in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
MENISCUS (pad-like cartilage in the KNEE joint)
ARTICULAR discs |
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Term
| What are the functions of hyaline cartilage? |
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Definition
RESISTS COMPRESSIVE STRESS
Supports & reinforces
Has resilient cushioning properties |
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Term
| What is the function of elastic cartilage? |
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Definition
| Allows GREAT FLEXIBILITY while maintaining the shape of a structure |
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Term
| What is the function of fibrocartilage? |
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Definition
ABSORBS COMPRESSIVE SHOCK
Tensile strength |
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Term
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Definition
SPECAILIZED CONNECTIVE tissue
Made up of:-
Bone Cells
Matrix (solid)
Lined EXTERNALLY by PERIOSTEUM
Lined INTERNALLY by ENDOSTEUM |
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Term
| What are the functions of bone? |
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Definition
Body shape and SUPPORT
PROTECTION of organs
MOVEMENT (LEVERS for muscle to pull on)
Mineral Storage (reserve for CALCIUM)
HEMATOPOIESIS (blood cell formation) in the red bone marrow |
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Term
| What is the histological organization of mature bone? |
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Definition
Cells
Collagen fibres
Matrix |
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Term
| Name the different bone cells. |
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Definition
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts |
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Term
| Describe osteoprogenitors and their function. |
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Definition
| Osteoprogenitors are MESENCHYMAL/STEM cells. They have a role in REPAIRS and FRACTURES. |
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Term
| Describe osteoblasts and their functions. |
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Definition
Osteoblasts are immature BONE-FORMING CELLS located at the surface of the bone tissue.
They synthesize ORGANIC MATRIX. |
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Term
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Definition
| A NEWly synthesized uncalcified MATRIX created by osteoblasts |
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Term
| Describe osteocytes and their function. |
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Definition
Osteocytes are MATURE BONE CELLS. They are in the lucanae surrounded by matrix and interconnect through canaliculi.
They MAINTAIN the MATRIX. |
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Term
| Describe osteoclasts and their functions. |
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Definition
Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, MOTILE CELLS, originating from MACROPHAGES.
They are involved in BONE MODELLING, bone RESORPTION and osteolysis. |
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Term
| Different types of bone cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the different types of bone. |
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Definition
Compact Bone
Spongy/Cancellous Bone
Woven Bone
Lamellar Bone |
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Term
| What is the basic functional unit of the compact bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the compact bone and state its function. |
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Definition
The compact bone is the DENSE, OUTER layer of solid bone
It defines the SHAPE of the bone. |
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Term
| What kind of ossification gives rise to spongy bone? |
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Definition
| Intramembranous Ossification |
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Term
| Describe the spongy bone and state its function. |
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Definition
The spongy bone is the INNER layer that forms STRUTS and PLATES.
It enhances BONE STRENGTH. |
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Term
| Does spongy bone contain osteons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is spongy bone made of? |
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Definition
| Trabeculae. These are needle-like bony branches. Bone cells are found within these trabeculae. |
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Term
| Describe the woven bone and state its function. |
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Definition
Woven bone is IMMATURE BONE. and is characterized by its loosely arranged collagen fibres and bundles.
It appears during FRACTURE REPAIR before becoming lamellar bone. |
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Term
| Describe the lamellar bone and state its function. |
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Definition
| Lamellar bone is MATURE BONE. It has plywood-arrangement of collagen. |
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Term
| Compact and Spongy Bone Together in Action |
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Definition
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Term
Picture of an Osteon.
Lamellae (lah-MEL-ee). Concentric lamellae are cylinder-shaped layers of calcified matrix in the osteon. Lamellae (layers) of hard bone matrix are also present outside the osteon. Interstitial lamellae are layers of calcified matrix between osteons. They are the remnants of older osteons that have been altered by bone growth or remodeling. A few layers of bone matrix also run around the outer boundary of compact bone, encircling all the osteons. These layers that run along the inner circumference (along the endosteum) and outer circumference (along the periosteum) of a bone are called circumferential lamellae.
Lacunae (lah-KOO-nay). These are small spaces in bone matrix that contain tissue fluid and in which bone cells lie imprisoned between the hard layers of the lamellae.
Canaliculi (kan-ah-LIK-yoo-lye). These ultra-small canals radiate in all directions from the lacunae and connect them to each other and to a larger canal, the central canal.
Central canal. Also called an osteonal canal or Haversian canal, the central canal extends lengthwise through the center of each osteon. The central canal is lined with endosteum and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Nutrients and oxygen move from the central canal through canaliculi to the lacunae and their bone cells—a short distance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the primary ossification centre? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A region of growing long bone is which the diaphysis and the epiphysis converge. |
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Term
| Where is the secondary ossification centre? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the epiphyseal growth plate present? |
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Definition
| In the GROWTH PHASE of the bone ONLY. |
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Term
| What is the epiphyseal line? |
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Definition
| The site of the EGP after GROWTH has CEASED. |
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Term
| What is the epiphyseal growth plate? |
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Definition
| It is a thin layer of cartilage b/n the epiphysis and the bone shaft. The new bone forms along the plate. Epiphyseal plates remain open until late adolescence. Also called growth plate. |
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Term
| What are the connective tissues associated with bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is in the central canal? |
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Definition
| VAN (veins, arteries, nerves) |
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Term
| How many primary and secondary ossification centres does each bone have? |
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Definition
| 1 primary and 2 secondary ossification for centre (corresponding to one diaphysis and 2 epiphysis per bone) |
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Term
| Where is the periosteum found? |
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Definition
| Covering the external surface of the bone |
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Term
| What are the parts of the periosteum? |
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Definition
Outer fibrous layer
Inner cellular layer |
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Term
| What are the functions of the periosteum? |
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Definition
TENDONS + LIGAMENTS attach to the periosteum. Thus the periosteum anchors muscle firmly to the bone.
Bone cell survival (Periosteum contains blood vessels)
Bone formation (Periosteum contains bone-forming and bone-destroying cells) |
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Term
| Where is the endosteum found? |
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Definition
Lining the bony cavity.
b/n the bone tissue and the bone marrow. |
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Term
| What is the endosteum made of? |
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Definition
| It has only a CELLULAR layer |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of bone formation. |
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Term
| What are the types of ossification? |
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Definition
MEMBRANOUS ossification
ENDOCHONDRAL ossification |
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Term
| What is membranous ossification? |
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Definition
| Where the pathway for bone formation is: Fibrous Tissue > Bone |
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Term
| What is endochondral ossification? |
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Definition
| Where the pathway for bone formation is: Fibrous Tissue > Cartilage > Bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ossification. So how does THAT work? |
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Definition
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Term
| What art trabeculae? (Brace yourself.) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is cartilage found in a long bone of an adolescent? |
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Definition
Epiphyseal Plate
Articular Cartilage |
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Term
| Post-natal Skeleton (Side-view) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is interstitial growth? |
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Definition
| It is the INCREASE in LENGTH of long bone. |
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Term
| What is appositional growth? |
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Definition
| It is the INCREASE in WIDTH of bone. |
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Term
| How does a bone grow in length using the epiphyseal plate? |
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Definition
| CARTILAGE GROWTH occurs at the epiphyseal plate. At physical maturity, the cartilage is replaced by bone. |
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Term
| In so many words, describe appositional growth. |
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Definition
| OSTEOBLASTS on the inner surface of the PERIOSTEUM deposit osteoid on the bone surface and osteocytes are formed. Osteocytes lay down matrix parallel to surface, thus increasing the diameter. |
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Term
| What are the Categories of Bone Classification Based on Shape? |
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Definition
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones |
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Term
| What are the Categories of Bone Classification Based on Location? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Categories of Bone Classification Based on Formation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the bones of the axial skeleton? |
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Definition
SKULL
+Cranium = frontal + 2 parietal + occipital + ethmoid + sphenoid + 2 temporal
+Facial = nasal + maxilla + palatine + inferior concha + lacrimal + mandible + sygoma + vomer
VERTEBRAL COLUMN = 7 cervical + 12 thoracic + 5 lumbar + 5 sacral + 4 coccyx = 33 bones
RIB CAGE = 12 pairs + sternum
HYOID BONE |
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Term
| Skull (Anterior + Posterior Veiw) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton? |
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Definition
UPPER LIMB
-Pectoral girdle = clavicle + scapula
-Free upper limb = humerus + radius + ulna + carpus + metacarpus + phalanges
LOWER LIMB = hip bones + femur + patella + tibia + fibula + tarsus (heel bone + ankle bone) + metatarsus + phalanges |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilages of the Skeletal System |
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Definition
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