1 - intramembranous - osteoblasts secrete from b/t sheets of CT until beceom osteocytes

2- endochondral - most bones this way.  Hyaline replaced by bone.  The cartilage oat center of diaphysis is broken doen, osteoblasts lay spongy bone at primary ossification center during fetal dvlpt.  More then lay compact bone and osteoclasts break up spongy bone in center creating medullary cavity.

Parathyroid

Calcitonin

Growth Hormone

Hematoma - clot b/t broken ends

Fibrocartilaginous Callous - in space

Bony Callous - osteoblasts form trabeculae

Remodeling - Osteoblasts build up at periphery, osteoclasts reabsorb spongy in center remaking medullary cavity.

1 frontal

2 parietal

1 occipital

2 temporal

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral (fused)

3-5 coccygal (fused)

First two vertebrae.

ATLAS - supports/balances head allowing "yes" movement

AXIS - allows "no" movement.

upper 7 ribs, they attach directly to costal cartilage

= VERTEBROSTERNAL RIBS

=vertebrochondral ribs and floating ribs

ribs 8, 9, 10

attach to cartilage of superior rib (all attach indirectly through #7)

=vertebral ribs

11,12

no connection to sternum

are fused in utero

MANUBRIUM - upper, joins 1st, 2nd ribs

BODY - joins 2nd - 7th ribs

XIPHOID PROCESS - no rib articulation, hyaline in child and ossified as adult; attachment site of diaphragm.

ILIUM - contains the greater sciatic arch

ISCHIUM - bottem posterior

PUBIS - bottom anterior

FIBROUS (synarthrosis) -- like cranial sutures, don't move

CARTILAGINOUS (amphiarthrosis) -- slightly moveable like ribs, vertebrae, pubic bones

SYNOVIAL -- most joints are freelyu moveable with joint cavity and fluid filled bursae(diarthrosis)

SYNOVIAL

Saddle - e.g. carpals/matacarpals

Ball&Socket

Pivot

Hinge - elbow, knee

Gliding - tarsals and carpals

Condyloid

Inversion= sole points medially; tibialis anterior

Eversion = sole points laterally; gastrocnemius and fibularis group

Essay:

OSTEOARTHRITIS (in detail)

Primary osteoarthritis is mostly related to aging. With aging, the water content of the cartilage increases, and the protein makeup of cartilage degenerates. Eventually, cartilage begins to degenerate by flaking or forming tiny crevasses. In advanced cases, there is a total loss of cartilage cushion between the bones of the joints. Repetitive use of the worn joints over the years can irritate and inflame the cartilage, causing joint pain and swelling. Loss of the cartilage cushion causes friction between the bones, leading to pain and limitation of joint mobility. Inflammation of the cartilage can also stimulate new bone outgrowths (spurs, also referred to as osteophytes) to form around the joints. Osteoarthritis occasionally can develop in multiple members of the same family, implying a hereditary (genetic) basis for this condition.

Secondary arthritis is caused by another condition.

Thick - myosin only

Thin - actin, tropomyosion, and troponin

(these are located in sarcomeres)

Creatinine Phosphate breakdown

Cellular respiration

Fermentation

ATP depletion (needed to break actin/myosin bond for relaxation)

Increases lactic acid, altering pH

Motor nerves running out of ACh

Slow twitch - Type I

Intermediate Twitch - Type IIa

Fast Twitch - Type IIb

Essay:

Convulsions in detail

group of muscles that form a cuff around the proximal humerus - are 4 - are deep

Provide stabalization to the shoulder joint.  Also provides rotations and some abductions

FLEXOR/EXTENSOR CARPI MUSCLES

FLEXOR/EXTENSOR DIGITORUM MUSCLES

Essay:

Bursitis is detail

Bursitis is the inflammation of one or more bursaesynovial fluid in the body. The bursae rest at the points where internal functionaries, such as muscles and tendons, slide across bone. Healthy bursae create a smooth, almost frictionless functional gliding surface making normal movement painless. When bursitis occurs, however, movement relying upon the inflamed bursa becomes difficult and painful. Moreover, movement of tendons and muscles over the inflamed bursa aggravates its inflammation, perpetuating the problem. (small sacs) of

Causes

Bursitis is commonly caused by repetitive movement and excessive pressure. Elbows and knees are the most commonly affected. Inflammation of the bursae might also be caused by other inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Although infrequent, scoliosis^[1] might cause bursitis of the shoulders; however, shoulder bursitis is more commonly caused by overuse of the shoulder joint and related muscles.

Traumatic injury is another cause of bursitis. The inflammation irritates because the bursa no longer fits in the original small area between the bone and the functionary muscle or tendon. When the bone increases pressure upon the bursa, bursitis results. Sometimes the reason is unknown.It can also be associated with some chronic systemic diseases.

Symptoms

Bursitis symptoms vary from local joint pain and stiffness, to burning pain that surrounds the joint around the inflamed bursa. In this condition, the pain usually is worse during and after activity, and then the bursa and the surrounding joint become stiff the next day in the morning.

Essay:

Atrophy