Term
| Which tumors are considered benign ? |
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Definition
| Encapsulated tumors whose cells are well differentiated and resemble normal tissues |
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Term
| Malignancies are categorized according to ? |
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Definition
| The tissue from which they are derived |
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Term
| Immunosuppressed patients show increased incidence of what cancers ? |
|
Definition
| Kaposi's sarcoma, skin cancers, lymphomas |
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Term
| EBV infection of B cells can lead to what in immunosuppressed individuals ? |
|
Definition
| B cell lymphoma (Burkitt's lymphoma) |
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Term
| What two cells play a key role in immunosurveillance of tumor development ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are tumor specific antigens (TSAs) ? |
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Definition
| Proteins specific to a tumor |
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Term
| Example of a TSA (tumor specific antigen) ? |
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Definition
| The mIg present on a B cell monoclonal tumor (chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)) is an example of a TSA |
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Term
| What are tumor associated antigens (TAAs) ? |
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Definition
| They are used to characterize tumors but they are not tumor-unique and so have limited immunotherapeutic value |
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|
Term
| One important class of TAAs (tumor associated antigens) ? |
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Definition
| Oncofetal antigens, which are of 3 main types |
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|
Term
| 3 main types of oncofetal antigens ? |
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Definition
C A B
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Beta human chorionic gonadotropin (B-HCG) |
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Term
| Where cancers can the oncofetal antigen CEA detect ? |
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Definition
Tumors of GI tract, mostly colon carcinomas
But high CEA levels are also found in cigarette smokers, patients suffering from COPD, and in alcoholic cirrhosis |
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Term
| AFP is an oncofetal antigen detected in what tumors/cancers ? |
|
Definition
Liver and testicular tumors
But viral and alcoholic cirrhosis of liver also show elevated levels |
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|
Term
| Normal B-HCG is produced where ? |
|
Definition
| In trophoblast epithelium of placenta during pregnancy |
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|
Term
| If B-HCG is detected in males or non-pregnant females, it indicates what ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| B-HCG is detected in which tumor ? |
|
Definition
| Choriocarcinoma (aggressive cancer of the placenta) |
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Term
| 2 examples of non-oncofetal tumor associated antigens include what ? |
|
Definition
| Her-2 and MAGE 1-3 and 17-1A |
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|
Term
| Her-2 is an indicator of what cancer ? |
|
Definition
| Invasive breast cancer ; Her-2 encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor |
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Term
| Mage 1 - 3 is an indicator for what cancer ? |
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Definition
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Term
| 17-1A is a non-oncofetal tumor associated antigen detected in what cancer ? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Myeloma cells overproduce light chains which are detected in the urine, the light chains are called what ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Micro-metastases can be detected using what imaging methodology ? |
|
Definition
| Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies |
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|
Term
| For Ab to be used to detect micro-metastases, Ab must be ? |
|
Definition
| very specific with high avidity or its cross reaction with normal tissue must be known |
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|
Term
| Greatest contemporary interest in developing anti-tumor therapy is ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Use of dendritic cells in cancer treatment has relied on what ? |
|
Definition
| Artificial pulsing of autologous dendritic cells with tumor lysates, tumor proteins or tumor peptides |
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|
Term
| Can transfection of cDNA also enhance immune response to cancer ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reinfusion of dendritic cells back into patients leads to ? |
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Definition
| Presentation of tumor peptides to the CD4+ T cells, with expectation that naive cells would differentiate to Th1 secreting cytokines required for NK cell and CTL cytotoxicity |
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|
Term
| What cytokine has been injected into renal cell cancer pts ? |
|
Definition
| GM-CSF ; it mobilizes dendritic cells from the bone marrow and differentiates monocytes into dendritic cells |
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Term
| Melanoma and other cancers can be treated by what cytokine therapies ? |
|
Definition
Cells transfected with IL-2 gene were injected into pts, this lead to delayed type hypersensitivity response to melanoma antigen and development of vitiligo in few pts, and so melanocytes were destroyed
Can also inject GM-CSF into melanoma cells and see inflitration by macrophages/neutrophils and dendritic cells
IL-12 can also be used b/c it enhances Type 1 cytokine production and stimulates growth of NK cells |
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|
Term
| Can IFNgamma also help in anti-tumor immunity ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Can introducing class 1 MHC genes into inactivated tumor cells ex vivo and then injecting the cells back help in anti-tumor immunity ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How are TILs (tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes) battle tumors ? |
|
Definition
| They are clonally expanded in vitro and re-inserted into pts with IL-2 and TNF. TNF is a tumoricidal cytokine. |
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Term
| What was thought to serve as "magic bullets" for destruction of tumors ? |
|
Definition
| Mabs (monoclonal antibodies) |
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|
Term
| How are monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) used in bone marrow txs ? |
|
Definition
| Mabs are used for ex vivo purging of lwo levels of tumor cells in bone marrow preparations from lymphoma pts. |
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|
Term
| How is CD30 used in treating Hodgkin's lymphoma ? |
|
Definition
| It is used to tag bone marrow cells |
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|
Term
| How can bone marrow cells avoid graft versus host disease ? |
|
Definition
| If autologous cells are used during bone marrow transp., then it is safe |
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|
Term
| What are anti-idiotypic Abs ? |
|
Definition
| Immunization against a tumor of the immune system itself, like CLL (chronic B cell lymphocytic leukemia) produces these Abs. The surface Ig idiotype produces a unique TSA |
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|
Term
| Why are anti-idiotypic Ab therapies not viable or good ? |
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Definition
| It is too specific and takes a long time to produce these Abs |
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|
Term
| What does CBC stand for ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Lymphomas can be classified as ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Leukemias can be classified as ? |
|
Definition
| Acute or Chronic , which are itself divided into other subtypes |
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|
Term
| Example of a plasma cell neoplasm ? |
|
Definition
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