Term
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Definition
| Work is not equally available. Some individuals are working more while some are working less (even if they don't want to be). Fathers are more likely to work more when they have children, mothers tend to work less. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sex segregation in the workplace |
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Definition
-Less than 10% of female workers have male coworkers doing the "same level job"
- 52% of men/women would have to change jobs in order to achieve an equally gender integrated workplace |
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Term
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Definition
-labor market is neutral
-workers are rewarded for skills, experience and productivity
-inequalities btw men and women caused by differences in education/experience |
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Term
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Definition
-women seek out feminine jobs (nurturing and caring)
-women are socialized to want to take care of their families more
-men need jobs to reaffirm masculinity |
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Term
| Gendered organization theory |
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Definition
| -mens advantages are lined to gendered expectations that exist in the organizations and interactions within them |
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Term
| Consequences of gender-labeling careers |
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Definition
Differences in:
Hiring rates- benefit men, not women
Pay- men have higher pay
Promotion- men benefit
Termination- women fired more |
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Term
| Statistical Discrimination |
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Definition
| Describes the role of stereotypes, of which the truth is irrelevant. Stereotypes can be used to generate/add to inequalities such as hiring, pay, promotion, termination. Used as a basis for decisions. |
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Term
| Pulls for women in the workforce |
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Definition
-Legislation increased women's wages
-Job increases in the service industries
-Increasing educational opportunities
-Rewards for going to work increase |
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Term
| Push for women in the workforce |
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Definition
-Increase in the possibility of divorce
-Men's wages decrease (decline in breadwinner wage)
-Decline in manufacturing jobs |
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Term
| The motherhood image in work |
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Definition
-Employers may associate motherhood with a weak commitment to their work/jobs
-Not all women ARE mothers
-What about the men who are fathers? |
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Term
| The Single Mother Element |
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Definition
-Employers use the cultural stereotype of black working-class women as single mothers. This helps explain:
-why "Black women are poor workers"
(balancing home/work life)
-why "Black women are good workers"
(can demand more because they need their paycheck)
-why "Blacks are poorly prepared for labor market"
(raised by single mothers... when a lot of black women aren't single mothers!) |
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Term
Authority and Competency
(Workplace Gender Advantages) |
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Definition
| Women who go through sex changes receive greater authority, and are thought to be more competent than their female coworkers. |
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Term
Respect and Recognition
(Workplace Gendered Advantages) |
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Definition
| Transmen gain respect and more recognition from their male coworkers. |
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Term
Body Privilege and Economic Gains
(Workplace Gender Advantages) |
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Definition
| Transmen gain more respect for their body, and sexual harassment generally dissolves. They receive higher paychecks and more bonuses than their female coworkers. |
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Term
| The role of intersectionality and male privilege |
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Definition
age: no facial hair = fewer privileges
bodies: taller=advantage, shorter=less advantages
race: more of a threat, more aggressive, less skilled (stereotypes)
**just found in my notes**
Transmen gained less if:
-they looked younger
-they were shorter (had more feminine-like qualities)
-they were black (deemed more threatening, less skilled) |
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Term
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Definition
-Mentor-ship: access to networking and more one-on-one time with bosses/management.
-Environment
-Promotions: spending time with bosses increases likelihood of promotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Women are either seen as a huge bitch, or that they aren't capable of doing a job. There is rarely a happy-medium. |
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Term
| Explanations for the Wage Gap |
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Definition
"it starts early and just gets worse"
Statistical discrimination affects women, mostly mothers. Women negotiate less for pay, and are often more passive. Aggression is not seen as a positive characteristic for women, especially when negotiating pay. The wage gap statistics have lowered in countries who have equal family leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mothers are more likely to work fewer hours, resulting in less pay. They are seen to be less productive because they are exhausted and distracted. The social networks are associated with the Old Boys- going out for drinks at men's clubs. The types of jobs women often have (lower level, not management) pay less. Employers often discriminate against mothers. |
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Term
| Glass Ceiling and Sticky Floor |
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Definition
| The glass ceiling is the limited access to jobs with prestige and power. The sticky floor represents the difficulties associated with moving from lower level jobs in variety of occupations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The invisible "escalator" that propels men into more advantageous positions in women dominated fields. |
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Term
Advantages
(The Glass Escalator) |
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Definition
| Receive advantages... higher pay, job security, |
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Term
Tracking
(The Glass Escalator) |
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Definition
| Men are put on certain tracts when they enter women-dominate fields. |
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Term
| The Glass Escalator and same-sex supervisors |
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Definition
| Most administrators are men, who most likely benefited from the Glass Escalator themselves. They bond with their male coworkers. |
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Term
| The Glass Escalator and stigma |
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Definition
| Public looking down on men in women-dominated careers. EX. Ben Stiller in Meet the Parents and being a nurse |
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Term
| Types of sexual harassment |
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Definition
1. quid-pro-quo: translated-this for that
- "bonus for a blowjob"
- "if you don't do it i'll fire you"
2. hostile working environment:
Like The Office, where/when women don't feel safe in their workplace, or if its just annoying |
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Term
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Definition
-Men sexually evaluating women
-Verbal or gestural messages/comments
-Prevalent issues in the workplace
-Often normalized and trivialized play
*similar to borderwork- men think its okay to invade women's space* |
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Term
| Explanations for sexual harassment |
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Definition
-a way to demonstrate power; a sense of male entitlement
-a way to resist gender equality
-workplace facilitates male bonding |
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Term
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Definition
-women in male spaces
-men are losing jobs, wages
-pay cuts
-sexual harassment is a source of control when men don't have a say in the above |
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Term
| Consequences of sexual harassment |
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Definition
For women: stress, irritability, depression, eating/sleeping disorders
For workplace: absenteeism, decline in productivity, high job turnover |
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Term
| Gender roles and the impact on health and health behavior |
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Definition
"women get sicker, men die quicker"
Women live longer b/c:
-They work less dangerous jobs
-They have outlets for stress/emotion
-They get sicker because they are around children more often
Men have shorter life expectancies because:
-expectations around masculinity attract negative influence (smoking, drinking)
-they have to be the protectors (no emotion)
- take jobs that are hard on the body and that have occupational hazards |
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Term
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Definition
-unpaid, volunteer, done for family members
-taking care of sick, emotional support, financial support |
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Term
| The impact of an aging population |
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Definition
| Large number of people getting older... changes what we need in society (more social services..), not enough people to care for aging individuals. |
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Term
| Gender difference in income in old age |
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Definition
income after the age of 65: women: $12,080
men: $21,102. women live longer so paid less, men will give women money when they die, men had the higher paying jobs in the first place |
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Term
| Gender differences in the work-family boundary |
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Definition
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Term
| Gender and differing approaches to caregiving |
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Definition
Men: caregiving by staying in jobs for more financial support
Women: provide more emotional support |
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Term
| Sex-segregated roles during retirement |
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Definition
| Retirement increases sex-segregated roles b/c men feel that they have to support spouse |
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Term
| Losses and gains for men and women in old age |
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Definition
Men:
Tend to loose socioeconomic status/power. Also experience a loss of superego. Can no longer identify as a youthful, powerful, masculine "man"
Women:
Loose less, but still deal with loss of their identity as a "reproductive vessel". Women also loose the power to use their bodies as a source of agency. Gain ability to express themselves more freely, without judgement. |
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Term
Gender differences in old age
(Institutional level) |
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Definition
| There are still differences at the institutional level when it comes to economic power and wealth. Men still have the upper hand, earning more in retirement checks. |
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Term
Gender differences in old age
(Interactional level/individual level) |
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Definition
| Men and women in the 3rd/4th age suddenly find themselves using their age as an identity rather than their gender. |
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