Term
| THE CALCIUM THAT IS RELEASED INSIDE THE CYTOSOL OF THE CELL FROM THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM AFTER DHP CAUSES A CONFORMATION CHANGE TO RYANODINE WORKS HOW? |
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Definition
| IT CAUSES MUSCLE CONTRACTION BY BINDING TO TROPONIN. |
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Term
| WHERE ARE THE ACTIVE BINDINGS SITES ON THE F ACTIN? |
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Definition
| IN THE TROTH FROM WHERE 2 F ACTIN FILAMENTS WERE WRAPPED AROUND EACH OTHER. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES TROPOMYOSIN DO? |
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Definition
| IT COVERS THE ACTIVE BINDING SITES AND PREVENTS THE MYOSIN HEADS FROM BINDING TO THE ACTIVE SITES ON THE ACTIN. |
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Term
| CALCIUM BINDS TO 1 OF THE __ SUBUNITS? WHICH ONE? |
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Definition
| 3. IT BINDS TO TROPONIN C. WHEN CA BIND TO TROPONIN C IT CAUSES A CONFORMATION CHANGE OF THE CIT TROPONIN SUBUNITS. TROPONIN IS ACTUALLY LINKED TO TROPOMYOSIN. SO WHEN I CHANGE THE SHAPE OF TROPONIN IT PULLS THE TROPOMYOSIN OUT OF THE WAY. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS AFTER YOU PUT TROPOMYSIN OUT OF THE WAY? |
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Definition
| THE MYOSIN HEADS CAN NOW STICK AND CAUSE CONTRACTION. SO AS LONG AS CALCIUM IS PRESENT THE ACTIVE BINDING SITES ARE EXPOSED. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE CONTRACTION IF YOU PUT THE CALCIUM BACK INTO THE SR? |
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Definition
| CALCIUM COMES OFF OF THE TROPONIN C AND THE SARAN WRAP GOES BACK INTO PLACE AND THE MUSCLE RELAXES. SO WHAT WE HAVE IS REGULATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION TO THE INTERACTIONS OF TROPONIN AND TROPOMYOSIN COMPLEX. CALCIUM BINDS TO TROPONIN COMPLEX ALTHOUGH SPECIFICALLY BINDS TO TROPONIN C. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES TROPOIN I AND TROPONIN T DO? |
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Definition
| TROPONIN I IS CALLED THE INHIBITORY SITE AND TROPONIN T BINDS TO THE TROPOMYOSIN. SO THE TROPONIN COMPLEX AND THE TROPOMYOSIN ARE BOUND TO EACH OTHER THROUGH TROPONIN T. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE CROSS-BRIDGE CYCLING. |
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Definition
| WHEN CALCIUM BINDS WITH TROPONIN C WHICH CAUSES A CONFORMATION CHANGE IN THE TROPOMYCIN WHICH OPENS UP TO ACTIVE SITES FOR THE MYOSIN HEADS THE BIND TO. |
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Term
| DOES MYOSIN HAVE A HIGH AFFINITY FOR ACTIN? |
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Definition
| YES. IF THERE IS ACTIN IN FRONT OF THAT MYOSIN, THE MYOSIN WILL GRAB THAT ACTIN IF IT'S ALLOWED TO. |
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Term
| DOES THE MYOSIN HEADS HAVE ADP OR ATP BOUNDED TO THEM? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS WITH THE MYOSINE PROTEIN BINDS TO THE ACTIVE PROTEIN? |
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Definition
| THAT CAUSES THE HINGE REGION AKA MY WRIST TO BEND. SO FOR A CONTRACTION TO OCCUR I HAVE TO PULL, RELEASE, GRAB, PULL ETC.. THIS IS CALLED CYCLING |
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Term
| WHEN WOULD YOU SAY THAT YOU WOULD BE IN RIGOR? |
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Definition
| ONCE I LAY THAT POWERSTROKE, OR ONCE I STUCK AND BENT THAT HINDGE REGION. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS AFTER YOU MAKE A POWERSTROKE? |
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Definition
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Term
| TO CAUSE THE MYOSIN TO COME OFF THE ACTIN WHAT HAS TO BIND. |
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Definition
| ATP. SO ATP COMES IN, BINDS TO THE MYOSIN HEAD, I RELEASE THE ACTIN FILAMENT. WHEN ATP IS HYDROLYZED WE MEAN THAT IT GIVE OFF ENERGY. ATP YEILDS ADP + Pi = ENERGY. THAT ENERGY IS USED TO RESET THE HAND. TO CAUSE THE MYOSIN HEAD TO DETACH FROM THE ACTIN REQUIRES ATP BINDING. TO CAUSE THE HINDGE REGION TO RESET REQUIRES ATP HYDROLYSIS. |
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Term
| WHY IS RIGOR MORTIS SEEN? |
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Definition
| THE CAUSE THE MYOSIN HEAD TO DETACH FROM THE ACTIN REQUIRES ATP. DURING DEATH THERE IS NO ATP GENERATION RELATED TO NO OXYGEN. |
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Term
| WHAT CAUSES RESETTING OF ACTIN BINDING TO MYOSIN? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS CONSIDERED A MAXIMAL CONTRACTION? |
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Definition
| WHEN YOU MAINTAIN ATP AND CACLIUM LEVELS AND THEY ARE SUFFICIENT ENOUGH THAT THOSE MYOSIN HEADS WILL RUN ALL THE WAY TO THE Z LINE. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CALCIUM LEVELS START TO FALL IN RELATION TO BINDING TO MYOSIN AND ACTIN? |
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Definition
| THE MYOSIN HEADS CAN'T REBIND BECAUSE THE CALCIUM BINDS TO TROPONIN, THE TROPONIN BINDS TO TROPOMYOSIN. NO CALCIUM, TROPOMYSIN IS BACK IN THE WAY. I PUT THE SARAN WRAP BACK OVER MY ACTIN AND AS MUCH AS THE MYOSIN WANTS TO GRAB ON, I CAN HAVE PLENTY OF ATP BUT I'M COVERED WITH MY TROPOMYOSIN SARAN WRAP I'M NOT GOING TO HAVE A CONTRACTION. |
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Term
| TO CAUSES RELAXATION OF THE MUSCLE ACH DOES WHAT? |
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Definition
| ACH GOES AWAY WHICH CAUSE ACH RECEPTOR CLOSURE WHEN MEANS THAT DNP RECEPTOR IS NO LONGER GOING TO BE ACTIVATED. THE RYANODINE RECEPTOR IS PLUGGED BACK UP SO CALCIUM CAN'T LEAVE THE SR. THIS WILL REDUCE THE INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM LEVEL. |
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Term
| HOW CAN CALCIUM GO BACK INTO EQUILIBRIUM? |
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Definition
| I CAN EITHER PUMP THE CALCIUM BACK INTO THE SE OR I CAN PUMP THE CA OUT OF THE CELL AND INTO THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID. BOTH OF THESE REQUIRE ATPASES. |
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Term
| WHAT TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBERS ARE THERE? |
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Definition
| FAST MUSCLE FIBERS (TWITCH FAST) AND SLOW FIBERS WHICH TAKE A LONG TIME TO TENSION AND THEY TAKE A LONG TIME TO RELAX. |
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Term
| IS A FAST TWITCH FIBER OR SLOW TWITCH FIBER BIGGER? |
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Definition
| FAST TWITCH FIBER A GENERALLY LARGER. |
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Term
| WHICH FIBER IS BEING DESCRIBED. A LOT OF SR, LARGE AMOUNT OF GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES, LESS EXTENSIVE BLOOD SUPPLY AND FEWER MITOCHONDRIA. |
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Definition
| FAST TWITCH. THESE WILL FATIGUE EASILY. FEWER MITOCHOINDRIA MEANS THAT LESS ABILITY TO PRODUCE ATP SO I WOULD USE UP MY ENERGY QUICKLY. |
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Term
| WHICH FIBER IS BEING DESCRIBED? HAVE EXTENSIVE BLOOD SUPPLY,CONTAIN MYOGLOBIN WHICH IS AN EXTRA OXYGEN STORAGE SITE, THEY HAVE A LARGER NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA. |
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Definition
| SLOW TWITCH. THEY FATIGUE MORE SLOWLY |
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Term
| HOW WOULD YOU DESICRBE A TWITCH? |
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Definition
| A TWITCH IS A TWITCH. IT IS NOT A SUSTAINED CONTRACTION. |
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Term
| HOW DO YOU GET A SUSTAINED CONTRACTION FROM A TWITCH? |
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Definition
| I HAVE TO HAVE A SERIES OF TWITCHES. |
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Term
| HOW DO YOU GENERATE A TETANAZATION? |
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Definition
| INCREASE THE FREQUENCY OF STIMULATION. A SINGLE ACTION POTENTIAL WILL RELEASE ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF CA, WHICH WILL QUICKLY RESQUESTERED RESULTS IN A TWITCH. YOU END UP WITH A MUSCLE CONTRACTION THAT IS NOTHING MORE THAN A FREQUENCY SUMMATION ON THAT MUSCLE FIBER. |
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Term
| THE STRENGTH OF A MUSCLE CONTRATION CAN ALSO BE LABELED AS WHAT? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF A MOTOR UNIT? |
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Definition
| A MOTOR UNIT IS 1 ALPHA MOTOR NEURON AND ALL OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS THAT THE ALPHA MOTOR NEURON INNERVATES. |
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Term
| IF YOU USE ONLY 1 MOTOR UNIT WITH COORELATES WITH 5 MUSCLE FIBERS THAT THOSE FIBERS ARE IN CONTRACTION WHAT HAPPENS TO THE REMAINDER? |
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Definition
| THEY ARE AT REST BECAUSE ALL OF THE OTHER MOTOR UNITS AREN'T BEING ACTIVATE YET. THEY HAVEN'T BEEN RECRUITED. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU WANT TO PICK UP A CAR? |
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Definition
| I DON'T HAVE ENOUGH MOTOR UNITS OT PICK IT UP. THE LOAD EXCEEDS THE MAXIMAL FORCE THAT IS BEING CAPABLE OF BEING GENERATED BY THAT MUSCLE GROUP. |
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Term
| HOW DO YOU PICK UP HEAVIER LOADS? |
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Definition
| THROUGH THE RECRUITMENT OF MOTOR UNITS. A STRONGER CONTRACTION TO GENERATE MORE FORCE IN A SKELETAL MUSCLE REQUIRES RECRUITMENT. |
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Term
| IS THERE RECRUITMENT IN CARDIAC MUSCLE? |
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Definition
| NO BECAUSE WHEN ONE CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTRACTS THEY ALL CONTRACT. EVERY TIME YOUR HEART BEATS EVERY CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTRACTS. THEREFORE WE DON'T HAVE RECRUITMENT IN CARDIAC MUSCLE. |
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Term
| NAME 2 REASONS WHY CARDIAC MUSCLE DOESN'T HAVE RECRUITMENT? |
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Definition
| 1) THEY ALL CONTRACT. 2)THE CARDIAC MUSCLE IS NOT INNERVATED BY ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS. SO FREQUENCY OF SUMMATION AND RECRUITMENT OF MOTOR UNITS ARE 2 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT THINGS. |
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Term
| THE LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT? |
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Definition
| THE FRANK-STARLING MECHANISM |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE FRANK-STARLING MECHANISM STATE? |
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Definition
| THE AMOUNT OF FORCE GENERATED BY A MUSCLE UNIT IS DEPENDENT UPON THE STARTING LENGTH OF THAT MUSCLE OF MOTOR UNIT. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE A IN RELATION TO LENGHT-TENSION RELATIONSHIP. |
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Definition
| THE MYOSIN HEAD CAN'T JOIN ON TO THE ACTIN BECAUSE I'VE ALREADY JAMMED IT ALL TOGETHER (FINGERS WITH BOTH HANDS). SO I HAVE A LOW AMOUNT OF FORCE. IF I PULL IT OUT JUST A LITTLE BIT THIS IS TERMED A. I'M NOT JAMMED IN ALL TOGETHER BUT I AM ALMOST JAMMED IN ALL TOGETHER. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE B AND C IN RELATION TO LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP. |
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Definition
| B AND C CAN BE DESCRIBED AS GETTING THE MOST AMOUNT OF FORCE BECAUSE ALL OF MY FILAMENTS ARE OVERLAPPING AND I HAVE A LONG DISTANCE TO GO. SO I CAUSE THIS MUSCLE OR SARCOMERE TO CONTRACT. I GET THE PERFECT AMOUNT OF TENSION GENERATION BECAUSE MY FINGERS ARE LIGNED UP (ILLUSTRATION). MY PINKIES ARE OVERLAPPING, MY INDEX FINGERS ARE OVERLAPPING, MY MIDDLE FINGERS ARE OVERLAPPING. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS BETWEEN C AND D. |
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Definition
| THE 2 FILAMENTS CAN'T JOIN WITH EACH OTHER. SO AS I CONTINUE TO WAVEN WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN. MORE WILL DISSOCIATE. FINALLY WHAT HAPPENS IF I GET TO D? O. THINK OF IT LIKE AS YOU GO FORM C TO D YOUR FINGERS THAT YOU ORIGINALLY HAD STACKED ON TOP OF EACH OTHER SLIP FURTHER AND FURTHER AWAY UNTIL A POINT (D) WHEN THEY ARE NOT TOCHING AND CAN'T CAUSE A CONTRACTION. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP TELL US? |
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Definition
| AS THE RESTING LENGTH OF A MUSCLE, AND THIS IS PRELOAD, INCREASES THE FORCE GENERATED BY THE MUSCLE WILL INCREASE UNTIL WE REACH THE OPTIMAL LENGTH. THIS IS WHAT IS KNOWN AS L SUB O WHICH IS OPTIMAL LENGTH. |
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Term
| WHAT DO WE MEAN BY OPTIMAL LENGTH? |
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Definition
| BY OPTIMAL LENGTH WE MEAN THAT THE RESTING LENGTH THAT WILL CAUSE AN OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF FORCE OR TENSION DEVELOPMENT. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU GO BEYOND THE L SUB O? |
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Definition
| IF I START PULLING THAT MUSCLE MORE AND MORE THEY ARE GOING TO DISSOCIATE AND THE AMOUNT OF TENSION THAT IS GENERATED IS GOING TO FALL OFF. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE RESTING LENGTH OF SKELETAL MUSCLE SET AT? |
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Definition
| L SUB O. THIS MEANS THAT WHEN I CONTRACT THE SKELETAL MUSCLE I WILL GET THE MAXIMAL FORCE GENERATTION FOR THAT SARCOMERE. |
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Term
| HOW IS THE RESTING LENGTH OF THE CARDIAC MUSCLE IN RELATION TO THE OPTIMAL LENGTH OF CARDIAC MUSCLE? |
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Definition
| IT IS SET BELOW. CARDIAC MUSCLE MUST BE SET, AT REST, BELOW THE OPTIMAL LENGTH. |
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Term
| WHERE ARE PATIENTS WITH CHF RESIDING IN RELATION TO LENGTH TENSION RELATIONSHIPS? |
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Definition
| TO THE RIGHT OF THE OPTIMAL LENGTH. BECAUSE THEY HAVE THESE BIG FILLED UP HEARTS THEY ARE ALREADY PAST THEIR LENGTH SO THEY ARE NOT GENERATING THEIR OPTIMAL TENSION. WHICH MEANS THAT THEY ARE NOT PUMPING ENOUGH BLOOD OUT. |
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Term
| IN CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE IN PARTICULAR HOW MANY TENSIONS DO WE HAVE AND WHAT ARE THEY CALLED? |
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Definition
| 3 PASSIVE, ACTIVE, AND TOTAL |
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Term
| DESCRIBE PASSIVE TENSION. |
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Definition
| PASSIVE TENSION IS LIKE RUBBER BANDS. TO MORE WE STRETCH THE MORE TENSION WE HAVE. MUSCLE HAS RUBBER BAND LIKE COMPONENTS. THE SARCOLEMMA ITSELF IS A RUBBER BANDED |
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Term
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Definition
| IT INCREASES UNTIL WE GET TO OPTIMAL LENGTH AND THEN FALLS. THIS CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS FRANK-STARLING RELATIONSHIP. THE TENSION IS SO LOW ON THE LEFT SIDE BECAUSE EVERYTHING IS BUNCHED UP TOGETHER. TENSION IS LOW ON THE RIGHT SIDE BECAUSE EVERYTHING IS PULLED APART. |
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Term
| WHY DO WE HAVE OPTIMAL TENSION IN THE MIDDLE OF ACTIVE TENSION? |
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Definition
| BECAUSE I HAVE A PERFECT AMOUNT OF OVERLAP. SO ACTIVE TENSION ISN'T GENERATED BY ELASTIC COMPONENTS. ACTIVE TENSION IS GENERATED BY CONTRACTILE COMPONENTNS, ACTIN AND MYOSIN. |
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Term
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Definition
| IT IS EQUAL TO PASSIVE TENSION PLUS ACTIVE TENSION TOTAL TENSION - PASSIVE TENSION= ACTIVE TENSION. |
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Term
| FOR A CHF PATIENT HOW DO WE INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVE TENSION? |
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Definition
| BY DIURESISING THEM AND DECREASING THAT PRELOAD WE ARE TRYING TO INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVE TENSION THAT THEY CAN GENERATE. |
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