Term
| special sensory receptors |
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Definition
| distinct, localized receptor cells in head; vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium |
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| 70% of body's sensory receptors here; processing by nearly half of cerebral cortex; protected by cushion of fat and bony orbit |
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| three layers of the eyeball |
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| fibrous wall; anchor point for muscles |
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| fibrous wall; aids in refractive power of eye |
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| vascular wall; important blood supply of eyeball |
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| vascular wall; controls shape of lens |
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| vascular wall; controls pupil diameter |
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| part of the retina; blind spot; site where optic nerve leaves eye; lacks photoreceptors |
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Definition
| photoreceptor; vision receptors for dim light; more numerous; more sensitive to light; no color vision or sharp images; numbers greatest at periphery; contain single pigment; best suited for night vision |
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| photoreceptors; vision for bright light; high-resolution color vision; mascula lutea exactly at posterior pole; react more quickly; contain one of three pigments |
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Term
| choroid supplied outer third; central artery and vein of retina supply the inner two thirds |
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Definition
| What are the two sources of blood supply to the retina? |
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Definition
| transmits light; supports posterior surface of lens; holds neural layer of retina firmly against pigmented layer; concontributes to intraocular pressure; forms in embryo |
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Definition
| composed of two chambers; anterior chmaber between cornea and iris and posterior chamber between iris and lens |
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Definition
| blocked drainage of aqueous humor increases pressure and causes compression of retina and optic nerve; leads to blindness |
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Definition
| biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular; changes shape to precisely focus on retina |
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Definition
| bending of light rays; due to change in speed when light passes from one transparent medium to another; occurs when light meets surface of different medium at an oblique angle |
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Term
| focusing for close vision |
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Definition
| requires eye to make adjustments; accommodation of lenses, constriction of pupils, and convergence of eyeballs |
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Definition
| for close vision; changing lens shape to increase refraction; near point of vision |
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Definition
| loss of accommodation over age 50 |
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Definition
| for close vision; accommodation pupillary reflex constricts pupils to prevent most divergent light rays from entering eye |
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Definition
| for close vision; medial rotation of eyeball toward object being viewed |
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Definition
| problems of refractions; nearsightedness; focal point in front of retina i.e. eyeball too long; corrected with a concave lens |
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Definition
| problems of refractions; farsightedness; focal point behind retina i.ie. eyeball too short; corrected with convex lens |
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Definition
| problems of refractions; unequal curvatures in different parts of cornea or lens; corrected with cylindrically ground lenses or laser procedures |
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Definition
| light absorbing molecule that combines with one of four proteins to form visual pigments; synthesized from vitamin A |
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Definition
| move from darkness into bright light; both rods and cones strongly stimulated; large amounts of pigments broken down producing a glare; improves over 5-10 minutes |
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Definition
| move from bright into darkness; cones stop functioning in low intensity light; rod pigments bleached; system turned off; rhodopsin accumulates in dark; retinal sensitivity increases within 20-30 minutes; pupils dilate |
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Definition
| results from cortical fusion of slightly different images; requires input from both eyes |
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Definition
| in roof of nasal cavity; cover superior nasal conchae; contains olfactory sensory neurons |
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Definition
| gaseous odorant must dissolve in fluid of olfactory epithelium; dissolved oforants bind to receptor proteins in olfactory cilium membranes |
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Definition
| receptor organs on tongue |
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Definition
| 50-100 flask-shaped epithelial cells of 2 types |
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Term
| gustatory epithelial cells |
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Definition
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Term
| sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami |
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Definition
| What are the five basic taste sensations? |
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Definition
| taste for amino acids glutamate and aspartate |
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Definition
| taste for alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine; aspirin (usually poisons) |
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| taste for hydrogen ions in solution (acid) |
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| taste for sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some amino acids, some lead salts |
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| Chemicals must be dissolved in saliva, diffuse into taste pore, and contact gustatory hairs |
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Definition
| What has to happen in order to taste? |
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Term
| triggers reflexes involved in digestion; increase secretion of saliva into mouth; increase secretion of gastric juice into stomach; many initiate protective reactions (gagging, reflexive vomiting) |
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Definition
| What is the role of taste? |
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Term
| external ear and middle ear |
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Definition
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Definition
| used for hearing and equilibrium; receptors for hearing and balance respond to sparate stimuli; are activated independently |
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Definition
| anatomy of external ear; composed of helix (rim) and lobule (earlobe); funnels sound waves into auditory canal |
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Term
| external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) |
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Definition
| anatomy of external ear; short, curved tube lined with skin bearing hairs, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands; transmits sound waves to eardrum |
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Term
| tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
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Definition
| boundary between external and middle ears; connective tissue membrane that vibrates in response to sound; transfers sound energy to bones of middle ear |
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Term
| middle ear (tympanic cavity) |
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Definition
| a small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity in temporal bone |
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Definition
| superior portion of middle ear |
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Term
| pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube |
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Definition
| connects middle ear to nasopharynx |
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Term
| thee small bones in tympanic cavity |
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Definition
| transmit vibratory motion of eardrum to oval window; tensor muscles contract reflexively in response to loud sound to prevent damage to hearing receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| middle ear inflammation; especially in children; most treated with antibiotics |
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Definition
| major division of internal ear; tortuous channels in temporal bone; three regions: vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea |
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Definition
| central egg-shaped cavity of bony labyrnith; contains two membranous sacs that house equilibrium receptor regions and respond to gravity and changes in position of head |
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Definition
| one of the two membranous sacs of the vestibule that is continuous with cochlear duct |
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Definition
| one of the two membranous sacs of the vestibule that is continuous with semicircular canals |
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Definition
| three canls that each define 2/3 circle |
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Definition
| a spiral, conical, bony chamber about the size of split pea that extends from vestibule and coils around bony pillar; lined with three chambers |
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Definition
| perception of different frequencies |
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| most sounds mixtures of different frequencies |
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| equilibrium receptors in semicircular canals and vestibule |
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Definition
| sensory receptors for static equilibrium; monitor the position of head in space which is necessary for control of posture; respond to linear acceleration dorces but not rotation |
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Definition
| sensory receptor for rotational acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| each crista has supporting cells and hair cells that extend into gel-like mass |
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Term
| depolarizations and rapid impulses reach brain at faster rate |
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Definition
| What does bending of hairs in the cristae cause? |
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Term
| hyperpolarization and fewer impulses reach the brain |
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Definition
| What does bending of hairs in opposite direction cause? |
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Term
| changes in velocity of rotational movements of the head |
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Definition
| What does cristae respond to? |
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Term
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Definition
| trange eye movements during and immediately after rotation; often accompanied by vertigo |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory input mismatches; visual input differs from equilibrium input |
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