Term
Global Warming
Explain what happens to the Earth when excess fossil fuels (hydrocarbons) are burned. |
|
Definition
| When you burn fossil fuels, a lot of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. This is because these fuels have a very high carbon content, which then becomes a by-product of burning them. Other gases produced and released into the atmosphere cause acid rain, which damages crops and makes soil infertile. |
|
|
Term
Carbion Dioxide
Explain how and why carbon dioxide content changes the greenhouse effect inour atmosphere. |
|
Definition
| By burning fossil fuels for the past 200 years, and by cutting down forests, man has increased the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the air. This has damaged the normal carbon cycle which keeps the temperature steady and the extra CO2 is causing an enhanced greenhouse effect which is making the planet gradually warmer, globally. The greenhouse effect has kept the earth warm for millions of years. The natural carbon cycle of the earth keeps a steady amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Some of the sun's infrared radiation is reflected back into space, and some is trapped by greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, in the earth's atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
Active Earth
Who is Wegner and why is he important to plate tectonics? |
|
Definition
A German meteorologist and geophysicist.
He proposed the theory of continental drift and believed that all the continents today were all part of one land mass called Pangaea, and that over the years due to continental drift they are how they are today. |
|
|
Term
Active Earth
What is Pangea?
|
|
Definition
| Pangea is when the plates joined together as one. Like a puzzle. |
|
|
Term
Active Earth
What is the theory of continental drift and give the evidences of this theory? |
|
Definition
| continental drift is the theory that the earth was all pieced together at one point, the evidence is pangeda and the countrys fit together |
|
|
Term
When do two objects repel each other? When do they attract?
|
|
Definition
| their charges are the same because if the charges are different then they attract and if they are the same they repel. |
|
|
Term
| explain 3 ways an object can become statically charged |
|
Definition
Friction : the rubbing of two objects against each other when one or both are moving.
Induction: the process by which electric or magnetic forces are created in a circuit by being in proximity to an electric or magnetic field or a varying current without physical contact
Conduction:the passage of energy (like electricity) through something |
|
|
Term
| what type of material is a good conductor? what is a good insulator? |
|
Definition
| A good insulator material is rubber and can block heat and electricity from almost anything. Glass is a good insulator too if you are trying to insulate electricity. Plastic is good as well. Most metals are OK conductors. Copper is very good, and Gold is the best, but it is heavy and expensive. |
|
|
Term
| an object with equal amount of protons and electrons has a ______ charge. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| know the parts of a circuit; |
|
Definition
| Bulb, wire, lamp, battery |
|
|
Term
| compare and contrast between series and parallel circuits |
|
Definition
series circuit is one path for electricity
a parallel circuit is different path for one current |
|
|
Term
| explain what happens to appliances if one burns out in series or parallel circuits |
|
Definition
If one bulb burns out in a parallel circuit, things look a little dimmer. The lights in your home are all in a parallel circuit. Turn out one light and see what happens Series means one device is connected to another device and so forth . for this configuration to work all devices in the circuit must be active in some sort for it to work as a circuit..
|
|
|
Term
| what are the names of the terminals on a battery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| current is the rate at which charges move through a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whether or not charges will move in a material depends partly on how tightly _______ are held in the atoms of the materials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A law stating that electric current is proportionalto voltage and inversly proportional to resistance. |
|
|
Term
| what are magnetic stries and how do they change over time? |
|
Definition
| a short stripe of magnetic tape attached to a credit card or debit card. |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the earth? how much volume does each layer make up? |
|
Definition
crust, mantle, inner core, outer core.
25% |
|
|
Term
| where is the continental crust the thickest on earth? how much volume does each layer make up? |
|
Definition
The crust is thickest under continents`1
1) The Crust--The outer skin of the planet is composed of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock.
Continental Crust:
Comprised predominately of rocks most resembling granite, the continental crust is relatively thick compared to the oceanic crust with a depth that ranges from 30 km to 50 km. The average specific gravity of continental crustal rock is 2.7.
Oceanic Crust:
At an average depth of 5 km to 10 km, the oceanic crust is thinner than the continental crust. Oceanic crustal rocks are composed mainly of the igneous rocks basalt, diabase, and gabbro, which are mafic in composition. The average specific gravity of oceanic crustal rock is 2.9.
Lithosphere: See below.
2) The Mantle--The layer directly below the crust which is delineated from the crust by the Mohorovicic Discontinuity, where seismic waves increase in velocity. The division between the mantle and the crust is a chemical one, the rocks and constituent minerals being higher in magnesium and lower in silicon and aluminum than crustal rocks. The mantle comprises 84% of Earth's volume.
Upper Mantle:
Lithosphere: The uppermost mantle consists of hard rock and is attached to the crust and comprises the lithosphere. The lithosphere is comprised of tectonic plates which 'float' independently of each other. The lithosphere contains more mantle than crust. Oceanic lithosphere ranges from 50 km to 100 km in thickness, and continental lithosphere ranges from 40 km to 200 km. Asthenosphere: Just below the lithosphere lies the asthenosphere, an area of highly viscous but solid rock. Its viscosity allow it to move slowly over time, which it does as it transfers heat to the lithosphere via convection currents. These convection currents are responsible for the movement of Earth's tectonic plates. The depth of the asthenosphere averages somewhere between 100 km and 200km with depths up to 410 km.
Transition Zone:
The depth of the transition zone is between 410 km and 660 km. The rock here is mostly peridotite, a coarse grained igneous rock, kept from melting by extremely high lithostatic pressures. Temperatures in the transition zone range from 1400 degrees C to 1600 degrees C.
The Lower Mantle:
The depth of the lower mantle ranges from 670 km to 2798 km. Little is known about the lower mantle other than that seismic waves indicate it is fairly homogenous in lithology.
D'':
The D'' area of the mantle extends from 2798 km to 2900 km, which is the boundary between the mantle and the liquid outer core. At this level, the pressures are enormous, roughly equal to 1.4 million units of atmospheric pressure, and temperatures are over 4,000 degrees C.
3) The Outer Core:
The outer core lies at a depth from 2900 km to 5150 km. It's composed of liquid iron and nickel along with small amounts of lighter elements, with temperatures ranging from 4,000 degrees C to 6,100 degrees C near the boundary with the inner core.
4) The Inner Core:
From the boundary with the outer core to the center of the Earth, a distance of about 1220 km is the solid sphere of the inner core, a ball of incredibly hot iron-nickel alloy. Temperatures here reach between 5,000 and 7,000 degrees C, and pressures are calculated to be around 3,000,000 units of atmospheric pressure. Despite the high temperature, at these pressures the metals cannot remain molten. |
|
|
Term
| where is the continental crust the thickest on earth? where is it the thinnest? |
|
Definition
The thickets part of the Earth's crust is located in the Himalayas. The thickest point is 75 kilometers deep
The earth's crust is the thinnest under the oceans, where it is seldom more than 5 km thick. |
|
|
Term
| whats oceanic crust, and what is continental crust? think density and thickness |
|
Definition
Oceanic crust is thinner but denser
Continental crust is thicker but less dense |
|
|
Term
| give the basic features and natural disasters that come from each of the 3 plate boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| radioactive matrials have unstable _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diffrences between convergent, divergent, and transform fault boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens at the an andreas fault in cali |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are convection currents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basic features and natural disasters that come from each of the 3 plate boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do most earthquakes and volcanoes occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a seismograph measure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many seismographs do you need to find the epicenter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are p, s and surface waves? |
|
Definition
primary wave: travel faster then s wave, doesnt pass through liquid
secondary waves: moves slow, goes through liquid |
|
|
Term
| what type of materials (solid liquid and gas) can each type of wave travel through |
|
Definition
p waves travels through liquid
s waves travel through liquids and solids |
|
|
Term
| what does the richter scale measure? how does a 3 versus a 7 on the scale differ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers and pauses of the atmosphere (tropo, strato, meso, and thremo) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the basic characteristics of the main atmospheric layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the temp change in the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the ozone layer, why is it important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 3 types of clouds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of weather does each type of cloud bring or predict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between air temp, dew point and humidity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clouds with appear when the air temp is equal to the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diffrence between climate and weather? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the water cycle using the terms; precipitation, condensation, evaporation and transpiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a front? name 2 factors that make up a front. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tell the difference between a cold air mass and a warm air mass. What type of weather and clouds does each type bring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an isobar and an isotherm measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between the terms continental, maritime, polar and tropical. What types of air masses do these terms make or where do they originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is thunder and lightning formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characteristics are necessary to form a thunderstorm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do most tunderstorms, tornadoes, or hurricanes form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do hurricanes form and how are they categorized?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the basic ingrediants necessary for a hurricane to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are tornadoes formed and categorized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of air masses are necessary to create tornadoes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which direction does the wind tend to turn in the northern and southern hemisphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does most of our energy come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what characteristics are necessary to create a blizzard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast kinetic versus of potential energy. Give examples of each. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list and describe the 5 main types of energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tell how energy can be transformed from source to source. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is nuclear fission and what does it create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the law of conservation of energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does combustion occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tell the difference between renewable and non renewable energy sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the types of alternative energy sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List and describe the types, formation, and sources of fossil fuels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does using alternative energy sources help the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
