Term
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Definition
| Smallest part of an element with all of the properties of an element. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of Protons in an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bond between two nonmetals where electrons are shared. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regular geometric solid with smooth faces called crystal faces; form if mineral has enough space and time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms arranged in regular pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| Negatively charged particles that move around an atom's nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atom in charged condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bond between metal and nonmetal where one metal gains electrons and the other loses electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms of same chemical element, but different number of neutrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything with mass and volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| Element that loses electrons easily and forms positive ions. |
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Term
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Definition
A substance that:
1. Occurs naturally
2. Is a solid
3. Has definite chemical composition
4. Has atoms arranged in orderly pattern.
5. Is inorganic |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest part of a compound with all of the properties of a compound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mineral composed of only 1 element. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uncharged particles in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elements that gain electrons easily and form negative ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positively charged particle in atom's nucleus, equal to number of electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A grouping of one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms that form the building blocks of silicate minerals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds of silica and oxygen plus one metallic element, include 90% of minerals in earth's crust. |
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Term
| Eight most common minerals in earth's crust? |
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Definition
| Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, and Magnessium. |
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Term
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Definition
| As magma cools, water with dissolved ions evaporates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determined by arrangement of ions, when given enough time and space to form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Family of Silicate materials, long, needle-like crystals, hornblende. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyroxene, dark, 2 cleavages, hardness=5/6. |
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Term
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Definition
| REacts to the acid test, copper carbonate, is blue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3 Cleavages, carbonate, very reactive to hydrochloric acid, florescent, double refraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| oNE CARBON, THREE OXYGENS, CHARGE -2. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| TEndency to split along flat surfaces, very useful in mineral identification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most easy indentificable oroperty of minerals, not useful because many minerals have similar colors, traces of impurities change color, and some minerals change color when exposed to air. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Works when mineral has room to form. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Calcium magnesium carbonate, somewhat reactive to hydrochloric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Silicate, 2 cleavages, right angles, most abundant in earth's crust (over 60%), hardness 6, pearly, orthoclase pottasium, and sodium-calcite plagioclase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dark silicate that contains iron and magnesium. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Break along non-cleavage surfaces, conchoidal=shell-like fracture. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Abrasives, silicate, hardness 6.5-7.5 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Brown, red, or silver, red streak, iron oxide, 5-6 hardness, earthy, crumbly. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dark, 2 cleavages, amphiobole, oblique angles, hardness 5-6, ferromagnesian silicate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| greenish-black streak, gold, iron sulfide, hardness=6, fools gold. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Very magnetic version of magnetite. |
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Term
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Definition
| Way mineral shines in reflected light, metallic / nonmetallic, shiny, pearly, earthy, greasy, oily, dull. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aluminum silicate, weathering of feldspar, in clay / shale, white, earthy odor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Magnetic, hardness 5.5-6.5, lodestone |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ore of copper, green, reacts to acid test, biotite (dark) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Silicate, one cleavage, very easy, muscovite (light) biotite (dark) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Study of minerals and their properties. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Scale that measures hardness from 1-10, each step same except from one to ten. |
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Term
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Definition
| Olive-green, ferromagnesian silicate, silicate, conchoidal fracture, 6.5 hardness, found in meteorites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mineral consisting of one element combined with oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Right angles, shorter needles than amphiobles, includes augite, silicate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Silicate, glassy luster, irregular fracture, hardest common mineral, second most abundant mineral in earth's crust. |
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Term
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Definition
| Common minerals that make up most of the rocks in earth's crust. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ratio of weight of mineral to equal volume of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Iron carbonate, reacts to acid test, brown. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Color of mineral's powder, metallic mineral=dark, nonmetallic=clear/white |
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Term
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Definition
| An element made out of a metal combined with sulfur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Softest of all minerals, white, one cleavage, soapy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Like obsidian, but mafic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Silica, calcite, and iron oxide. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Sedimetary, formed from mineral grains that fall out of solution by evaporation or some kind of chemical action. (Rock salt, limestone) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sedimentary rock formed from fragments of other rock, shale, sandstone, conghlomerate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Round masses of calcium carbonate that occur in shale. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when hot magma forces its way into overlying rock and bakes the rock it comes in contact with. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Median of gabbro and granite |
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Term
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Definition
| High silica magma, feldspar plus silica, light minerals, not a lot of calcium, iron, or magnesium. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Splits easily along layers |
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Term
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Definition
| Remains, impressions, or any other evidence of plants and animals preserved in rock. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mafic, dark, plagioclase, feldspar and augite, dense. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spheres of silica rock contained in limestone where crystals of quartz or calcite are in hollows. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed from variety of rocks, coarse, parallel bands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plutonic (Intrusive), felsic, coarse grained, orthoclase feldspar and quartz. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by cooling and hardening of molten rock inside earth. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Calcite taken from water from shell-producing orgainsms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low silica magma, calcium, iron, magnesium, more fluid, rocks contain ferromagnesium minerals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hot molten rock inside earth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formed when rocks that already existare changed by heat and pressure into new types of rocks, minerals are in lines. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deposits of wet clay dry and contract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lumps of chert in limestone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glassy-smooth, solidify very quickly, volcanic glass, shell-like fracture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sedimentary, remains of plants in animals. (Coal, some limestone) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Intrusive rocks, formed underground from cooled magma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two distinctly different textures, large crystals surrounded by fine grained crystals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Felsic Lava, hardened when gases bubble out, porous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when large areas of rock are under intense heat and pressure, causing them to change form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by the actions of winds, streams, waves, or currents on sand. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group of minerals bound together in some way. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Halite, common table salt, layeres. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gabbro version of Pumice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Porous, permeable, made of sand. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hardening and cementing of layers of sediments, rounded minerals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Impermeable, easily broken, kaolin, and formed by silts and clays. Metamorphism goes shale-slate-phylitte-schist. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sorting of rocks by weight / size, pebbles / gravels= conglomerate, sands= sandstones, silts / clay= shale. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Arrangement into visible layers, sedimentary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depends on arrangement, size, shape, of mineral crystals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concept described by James Hutton, "The present is the key to the past", the geological processes now at work were at work in the past, present geological features formed by same processes, at work over long periods of time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Extrusivfe, formed when lava cools and hardens, mostly mafic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carbon dissolved in water, attacks common minerals and changes them to clay. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decompisition, takes place when rock minerals are changed into different substances. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Slow, inperceptible down slope movement of soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal and transport of natural material by natural agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large sheets of rock break away from outcrop, the peeling of the surface layers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The chemical reaction of water with other substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water in ground freezes and lifts pavement above it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Also called frost action, occurs when water freezes and expands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large curved banks caused by upward expansion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden movement of a mass of bedrock or loose rock down the slope of a hill. |
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Term
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Definition
| Downslope movement of large masses of earth materials due to the pull of gravity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disintegration, when rock is split open or broken into pieces of the same material, without changing its composition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rapid movement of water saturated clay and silt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical reaction of oxygen with other substances. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical reaction of oxygen with other substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Material from which soil is formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil that has bedrock as its parent material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of the joints being parallelto the surface and occuring exposed peaks or outcrops. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small blocks of land tilt that move down hill. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made of loose, weatherd rock and organic material in which plants with roots can easily grow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of topsoil by wind or running water. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cross-section of earth with three distinct zones exposed by digging. |
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Term
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Definition
| Corners and edges of boulders erode quickest, causing the rock to become spherical. |
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Term
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Definition
| B-horizon of soil profile, contains clay and other soluble materials that were washed down into it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pile of rock fragments at base of a cliff due to mass movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A-horizon of soil profile, dark colored, organic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil that formed from parent material left by winds, rivers, or glaciers, or soils that itself were moved from its original location. |
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Term
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Definition
| Break-up of rock due to exposure to the atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Permeable materials that contain and carry ground water. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an aquifer dips underground between two impremeable beds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water that comes from an aquifer in an artesian formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The uppermost impermeable layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caves formed from the dissolving of limestone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The need for moisture is greater than the rainfall and the storage water is gone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Combination of evaporation and transpiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spring that comes from and aquifer through cracks in the cap rock to the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fissures in the ground from which steam and hot gasses escape. |
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Term
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Definition
| White pourous substance formed around mineral springs. |
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Term
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Definition
| At a depth of up to 20 meters in the surface, the water stays at about the same temperature as the ground around it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Boiling Hot Springs that periodically erupt as gushers of hot water and steam. |
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Term
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Definition
| A well dug into the ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| Percentage of a material's volume that is pore spaced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water storage is filling. |
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Term
|
Definition
| On hillside where water table meets surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water at earth's surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| A material that water cannot pass through. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Regions characterized with caverns, sinkholes, lost rivers, and underground drainage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| S spring conatining so much dissolved mineral matter it cannot be used for ordinary drinking or washing purposes. |
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Term
| Three reasons for mineral Springs: |
|
Definition
1.Passes through soluble rock
2. Large quantities of gasses that form acids
3. Water very hot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sputtering Spring caused by recent volcanic activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate at which water or other liquids pass through the pore spaces of a rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed when part of a cavern roof collapses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Slender calcite formations on roof of cave. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blunt rounded calcite masses on cave floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium deposits around mineral springs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The grainfall is greater than the need for moisture and the storage is filled. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the need for moisture is greater than the average rainfall plants draw water from supply. |
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Term
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Definition
| Income and spending of water for a region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of water from one part of the hydrosphere to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface of the zone of Saturation. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the water table to surface, water can be held, air can enter, above capillary fringe, dry zone, then soil water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of zone of aeration directly above the water table. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of ground where all pore spaces are filled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grinding ACtion of cutting tools against riverbed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sloping triangular deposits of sediment where a mountain stream reaches level land. |
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Term
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Definition
| Level of the stream or body of water into which a stream flows, cannot erode any deeper. |
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Term
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Definition
| Way of a river carrying material where the materials are moved along the stream bed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indicated by the toatal amount of sediment in the spring and the size of the particles being moved by the stream,depends on stream and discharge. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fan-shaped deposit of sediment formed at the mouth of a stream or river. |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of water flowing past a given point at a given time. |
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Term
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Definition
| High land that seperates one gully from the next, or one river valley from the next. |
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Term
| Drainage Basin / Watershed: |
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Definition
| All of the land that drains into a river. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flood caused by a single outburst. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wide, level area that borders a stream and is covered by water in the time of a flood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A miniature valley formed by erosion from heavy rains. |
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Term
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Definition
| THe wearing away of land at the head of the stream gull or valley. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Elevated ridges formed by deposits from floods. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of broad curves across a wide flood plain. |
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Term
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Definition
| THe lake formed when a rivermeander gets cut off and from the river and the ends of the original bend have silted up. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep oval or circular hole cut into a stream bed by abrasion from swirling or pebbles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A river and all of its tributaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| WAy of river carrying material in which the sediment is dissolved by the water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diversion of upper part of one stream by the headward growth of another stream. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes River to look muddy, materials stirred up and kept from sinking by the turblence of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pass in the mountain ridge through which a stream flows. |
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Term
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Definition
| The divide between 2 cirques, narrow and sharp. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of blocks of ice breaking off a glacier and extending into the sea to become an iceberg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A semi-circular basin formed when the walls of a mountain are eroded. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving mass of ice, larger than a valley glacier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Great fissures that form when a valley comes to a steep slope across the width of the glacier. |
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Term
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Definition
| All deposits of glacial origin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Long, smooth, canoe-shaped hills made of till. |
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Term
|
Definition
| At the ice front, rock pieces brought forward by the glaciers motion build up. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large glacial borders that have been transported into an area. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A long winding ridge formed when sand and gravel form meltwater tunnels beneath a glacier. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A rough, granular ice created when freshly fallen snow becomes repressed and recrystalizes, eventually becoming a valley glacier. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glacial valley that is roughly U-shaped. |
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Term
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Definition
| Material carried in the bottom of a glacier before it is deposited. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tributary U-shaped valley. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peaks where three or more cirques cut into the same peak, so much is cut away that a spectacular pyrimid is left. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Where a glacier melts as fast as it moves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Continental Glacier, forms in polar areas, Greenland, Antarctica. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small cone-shapoed hills of stratified sand and gravel. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Circular hollows found on terminal moraines and outwash plains. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 Long lanes of rock pieces that pile up along valley sides, |
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Term
|
Definition
| When 2 glaciers come together to form a single glacier and their inside lateral moraines are combined. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accumulation of glacial till. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Great mountain peaks that project through glacial ice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deposits made by streams or glacial meltwater. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A broad, slightly sloping deposit of sediment formed beyond the terminal morraine by streams from a melting glacier. |
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Term
|
Definition
| New end moraines formed behind the main ones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mass of glacially eroded bedrock. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mixture of fine sand and silt formed by the crushing of rock under a glacier. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lowest level that permanent snows reach in summer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Long parallel scratches left by rocks dragged by a glacier. |
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Term
|
Definition
| End moraine marking a glaciers farthesst advance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unsorted rock materials deposited directly by the ice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alpine glacier, long, slow moving stream of ice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Layer within the mantle that the lithosphere is on top of. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A converging boundary that is formed when two continents collide. |
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Term
|
Definition
| THeory that Africa and South America had once been part of a larger continent that had broken and moved apart. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When two plates come together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ancient continent cores. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Subduction zone, deepest part of ocean floor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where two plates are moving apart. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Break or crack in earth's crust where movement has occured. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Measure of the heat leaving the rock of the lithosphere. |
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Term
|
Definition
| THe crust and upper portion of the mantle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deep valleys across entire length(rift valleys) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Marked by the belt where earthquakes and volcanoes are located. |
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Term
|
Definition
| THe study and formation of rigid but moving plates that are on the earth's surface. |
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Term
|
Definition
| THe area where the lithospheric plates are moving apart. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A boundary where one plate goes under another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large block of lithospheric plate that has been moved. |
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| Pushing of thin, horizontal sheets from rock from continental margins over great distances along nearly level flat surfaces. |
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| THe name for the largest of all igneous intrusions, form the cores of many mountain ranges. |
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| THe name for the largest of all igneous intrusions, form the cores of many mountain ranges. |
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| Sheet of igneous rock that cuts ocross the rock layers it intrudes. |
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| High-silica magmas (THicker, lighter, slower) |
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| Area of high volcanic activity that is in the middle of a lithospheric plate, forms shield cones. |
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| A dome-shaped mass of indruded igneous rock. |
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| Magma that reaches the surface. |
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| Low silica magmas (thinner, darker, faster) |
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| Rounded shapes caused by rift eruptions. |
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| THe rock mass that forms when magma cools inside other rocks. |
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| Volcanic eruptions that occur at long, narrow fractures in earth's crust, form shield cones. |
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| Sheet of igneous rock that is parallel to the layers it intrudes. |
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| A small batholic in which less than square kilometers is exposed at the surface. |
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| Subduction Boundary Eruption: |
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| Volcanic eruption that is a result of magma that forms at subduction boundaries, form cindercone volcanoes. |
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| Solid frangments of rock. |
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| The solidified lava filling the central vent of an extinct volcano. |
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| An opening in earth's crust through which an eruption takes placce. |
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| Shaking of earth's crust caused by release of energy. |
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| Theory that earthquakes occur when the stress building up between two lithospheric plates overcomes the force of friction, causing the plates to suddenly move, release energy, then snap back to their original shapes. |
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| Point on earth's surface directly above the focus. |
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| THe point on the fault plain at which the first movement occurs. |
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| Wave created when P or S waves reach the surface. |
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| Mohorovicic Discontinuity |
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| The boundary between earth's crust and mantle. |
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| Primary, compressional earthquake waves, move back and forth, travel through any material. |
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| A scale that measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake. |
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| A more accurate measurement of earthquake magnitude then the Richter scale. |
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| A recording of an earthquake made by a seismograph. |
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| Instrument that records and detects earthquake waves. |
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| A wide area around the earth on the side opposite the focus of an earthquake where neither p or s waves are received. |
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| Side to side waves that cause particles to move a right angels shear, secondary, only travel through solid. |
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| A graph that shows the difference in arrival times for P and S waves and the relationship between the epicenter and arrival times. |
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| Active Continental Margin: |
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| Continental Margin that occurs along a plate boundary, marked by volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building. |
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| An upfold in the rock layers during plate collisions. |
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| A nearly circular folded mountain. |
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| Mountains formed from blocks of crust that have been faulted and tilted at the same time. |
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| A crack or break in the bedrock along which no apparent movement has occured |
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| A fault where the rocks on one side of the fault plane drop down with respect to the rocks on the other side. |
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| Passive Continental Margin |
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| Stable continental margin where main activity is the build-up of sediments. |
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| A fault where one side of the fault plane is driven up and over the other side. |
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| A fault where the rocks on opposite sides of the fault move horizontally past each other. |
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| Downfold in the rock layers during plate collision. |
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| Sphere that bulges at its equator and flattens at its poles. |
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| Circumferance at Equator: |
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