Term
| idea that synapses can be modified by experience is called? |
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Definition
| synaptic-plasticity hypothesis |
|
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Term
| fEPSP measures positive ions flowing toward or flowing away from the recording electrode? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| if you stimulated the Schafer Collateral pathway, where should you place your electrode in order to measure synaptic activity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| if a lost memory cannot be recovered them the amnesia is likely due to a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| voltage-gate calcium chanels open and close in response to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not a neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| list the components of the trisynaptic circuit of the hippocampus in order of the flow of information. |
|
Definition
- perforant pathway
- dentate gyrus
- mossy fibers
- CA3
- schafers collaterals
- CA1
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|
|
Term
| who were the founders of LTP |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 parts of the neuron? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the name for the difference in electrical charge inside the neuron compared to the outside of the neuron? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name for a 3 letter word with no meaning? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which is not part of the neuron doctrine? |
|
Definition
- brain functions as a reticulum
- neurons are continous with eachother
|
|
|
Term
| who created the first forgetting curve? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a first messenger? |
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Definition
| sodium, calcium, PKA, calmodulin |
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Term
Two general processes that are involved in the generation of new plasticity product are |
|
Definition
- transcription
- translation
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Term
| AMPA receptors can be composed of several subunits. Which subtype is initially trafficked into the spine head? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The assembling and rearrangement of existing product is called a |
| |
|
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Definition
post-translation modification |
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Term
| What protein binds to CaMKII to place it in the active state? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: Na+ is a second messenger? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When the kinase ----- phosphorylates AMPA receptors they move to the extrasynaptic space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The modification and rearrangement of existing proteins is called |
|
Definition
post translation modification |
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|
Term
| When the kinase ----- phosphorylates AMPA receptors the sodium channel remains open longer |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A kinase is composed of two elements. They are: |
|
Definition
- regulatory unit
- catalytic unit
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|
|
Term
| In the active state a kinase ----- other proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which CaMKII can remain in an active state is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The binding of calcium to calmodulin modifies its conformation. This is an example of |
|
Definition
| a post-translation modification |
|
|
Term
| Which component of a kinase is the active component? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When ----- phosphorylates AMPA receptors they move into the spine head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: All ions are 1st messengers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of messenger targets a kinase and what does a kinase do to a protein?
|
|
Definition
Second messengers target kinases
Kinases add phosphates to proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of phosphatases? |
|
Definition
| Remove phosphates from proteins |
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|
Term
Is a second messenger an intracellular or extra cellular substance?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
are second messengers proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of messenger activates a kinase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is false
|
|
Definition
Second messenger are extracellular substances
first messengers activate kinases
second messengers are proteins |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true? |
|
Definition
Second messengers amplify the effects of first messengers.
Second messengers do not depend on transcription and translation for there rapid mobilization
second messengers are not proteins |
|
|
Term
| An extracellular substance that binds to a cell-surface receptor and initiates intracellular activity is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these descriptions is correct? |
|
Definition
First messengers are found in the extracellular fluid whereas second messengers are found in the intracellular fluid.
Second messengers amplify the effects of first messengers
kinases are proteins |
|
|
Term
| The idea that synaptic activity leads to the transcription of new plasticity product needed to build long-lasting LTP is called |
|
Definition
| The Genomic signaling hypotheses |
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|
|
|
Term
| Where does local protein synthesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that interact with DNA to produce mRNA are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We believe that L-LTP depends on transcription because |
|
Definition
- It is blocked by transcription inhibitors
- CREB knockout mice do not display L-LTP
|
|
|
Term
| Given two rounds of protein synthesis occur, which is the following is true? |
|
Definition
| Proteins are synthesized locally prior to being synthesized in the soma |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The activation of CREB by soma-to-nucleus signaling is a transcription process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein synthesis can occur in two places what are they |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ribosomes are involved in primarily in |
|
Definition
- translation
- protein synthesis
|
|
|
Term
| Why is the activation of CREB a post translation modification? |
|
Definition
| Because CREB is a protein |
|
|
Term
| Which type of genomic signaling depends on the voltage gated calcium channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true? |
|
Definition
mRNA is a transcript
Protein is translated from mRNA
mRNA is transcribed from DNA |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is false? |
|
Definition
| L-LTP does not depend on post-translation modifications |
|
|
Term
| Why do we believe that L-LTP depends on translation processes? |
|
Definition
| Its blocked by protein synthesis inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is false? |
|
Definition
CREB is a Translation factor
CREB is a Transcription inhibitor
Inhibiting CREB function blocks translation of local protein |
|
|
Term
| Calcium can enter 3 separate compartments of the neuron. What are they |
|
Definition
dendritic spine
soma
dendritic compartment
|
|
|
Term
| Calcium enters the dendritic spine through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is false? |
|
Definition
- NMDA receptors are located on the endoplasma reticulum
- RYRs are located primarily on dendritic endoplasma reticulum
|
|
|
Term
| There are two receptors located on the endoplasma reticulum. They are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which receptors are responsible for calcium induce calcium release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ligand activates RYRs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Voltage gated calcium channels open and close in response to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are true? |
|
Definition
- RyRs are responsible for LTP1
- VGCCs are responsible for LTP3
|
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true? |
|
Definition
- Metabotropic glutamate receptors are couple to G proteins
- Metabotropic glutamate receptors are activated by glutamate
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IP3 is regulated by mGluRs |
|
|
Term
| The two general sources of calcium are |
|
Definition
Extracellular
Intracellular |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular calcium enter the cell through |
|
Definition
- NMDA receptors
- voltage gated calcium channels
|
|
|
Term
| Describe the sequence of events that result in the release of calcium via the IP3Rs |
|
Definition
- Glutamate binds to mGluR
- mGluR activation results in IP3 becoming available
- IP3 binds to IP3Rs
|
|
|
Term
| Xestospongin is a selective IP3R antagonist. So your would expect that it would |
|
Definition
| Prevent mGluR activation from initiating local protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the second messenger activated in response to agonizing mGluR1 receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following apply to DHPG |
|
Definition
- Is mGluR agonist
- Can be used to convert S-LTP into L-LPT
- Can lead to the production of IP3
- Can induce local protein synthesis
|
|
|
Term
| Rynandine is a selective RyR antagonist. So you would expect |
|
Definition
- It would prevent LTP1
- It would block calcium induced calcium release
|
|
|
Term
| Nifedipine is a voltage gated calcium channel blocker. So you would expect |
|
Definition
- It would prevent soma-to nucleus signaling
|
|
|
Term
| Nifidipine prevents LTP3 because |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two states of actin are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The monomer form of actin is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The polymerize form of Actin is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true? |
|
Definition
F actin is a polymer
G actin is a monomer |
|
|
Term
| Latruncilin blocks the 1.----- of actin and 2.----- LTP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibiting actin polymerization will |
|
Definition
Prevent LTP
Prevent the conversion of G actin into F actin |
|
|
Term
| In its normal state 1.----- depolymerizes 2.-----. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true? |
|
Definition
ADF-cofilin is a protein
F-actin is a polymer |
|
|
Term
| Preventing LIMK1 from phosphorylating ADF-Cofilin should |
|
Definition
Inhibit the induction of LTP
Decrease the polymerization of Actin |
|
|
Term
| The role the protein myosin Vb is to |
|
Definition
| Traffick endosomes containing AMPA receptors to the spine head |
|
|
Term
| Myosin Vb can be in either a 1.----- or 2.----- state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1.----- but not 2.----- myosin Vb trafficks endosomes containing AMPA receptors into the spine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| F-actin provides scaffoding for 1.----- to carry the AMPA receptor containing endosome to the spine head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules that help stabilize the synapse are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stability of spines depends on their -----. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| current thinking is that large spines 1.----- and small spines 2.----- |
|
Definition
store information
support new learning
|
|
|
Term
| Which of these statements is true? |
|
Definition
Small spines are more plastic than large spines
Small spines support learning
Large spines support memory
|
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|
