Term
| List key factors of sedimentary rocks. |
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Definition
| -upper part of Earth's crust, cover 80% of Earth's suface, compacted fragments of rocks/minerals/shells, form at Earth's surface, contain historical geology, form through minerals precipitated from water |
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Term
| What are the four classes of sedimentary rocks? |
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Definition
| Clastic, biochemical, organic and chemical |
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Term
| How do clastic sedimentary rocks form? |
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Definition
| originate from weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks (clastic=broken) |
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Term
| what do chem sed rocks originate from? |
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Definition
| from chemical precipitation from water solutions |
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Term
| what do organic sed rocks originate from? |
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Definition
| decompostion of plant material |
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Term
| What do biochemical sed rocks originate from? |
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Definition
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Term
| The loose grains of sediment trabsform into clastic sedimentary rock by the process of what five steps? Give an example of a sedimentary clastic rock formed this way. |
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Definition
| Weathering, erosion, deposition, lithification cementation. Ex. Sandstone is formed this way. |
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Term
| What is weathering and erosion? |
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Definition
| The physical processes that break up and corrode solid rock, eventually transforming it into sediment. Erosion is the actually the actual seperation of a rock that forms sediments (like falling, flowing through wind, gravity, or ice) |
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Term
| What is physical and chemical weathering? |
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Definition
| physical weathering is physically breaking down rocks into fragments without changing the chemical make-up of the minerals within it. Chemical weathering is a chemical change within some of the minerals within a rock |
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Term
| Sediment travels by wind, water or ice, what is the process by which sediment settles out of the transporting settlement called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the transformation of loose sediment into solid rock |
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Term
| Explain the process of lithification. |
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Definition
| When the sediment has been buried, pressure caused by the weight of overlying material squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts, and clasts compact together tightly. Then this compacted sediment may then bound together to make sedimentary rock by the process of cementation. (acting like glue to hold clast together) |
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Term
| How can you classifly a clastic/detrial rock? 5 |
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Definition
| -clast size, composition, rounding/sorting, and cement |
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Term
| What are types of clastic/detrital sed rocks? |
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Definition
| Breccia, conglomerate, arkose, siltstone, shale |
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Term
| Conglomerate clastic sed rocks are _____ fragments and breccia clastic sed rocks are ____ fragments. (think of shape) Both are course-grained |
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Definition
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Term
| How are conglomerate sed rocks formed? |
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Definition
| Through lithification of layers of river gravel sediments |
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Term
| How do breccia sed rocks form? |
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Definition
| through lithification of an accumulation of angular clast. |
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Term
| medium grained sedimentary rocks include which 3? How are they formed? |
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Definition
Sandstone-through lithification of layers of beach or dune sand
Arkose-through lithification
Graywacke
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Term
| Fine grained clastic sedimentary rock is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Very fine-grained clastic sed rock includes? 3 |
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Definition
| claystone, shale (formed through lithification of layers of mud, mudstone |
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Term
| What do biochemical sed rocks form from? |
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Definition
| calcite, aragonite or silicate skeletons of organisms |
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Term
| Biochemical sed rock, limestone is formed through the accumulation of compacted shells. What are types of limestones and what are they made of? |
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Definition
Fossiliferous limestone-identifyable shells
Micrite very fine carbonate mud
chalk-plankton shells
Coquina-all shell material
Chert-hidden crystalline quarts
Coal-the remains of plant material that died and accumulated on the floor of a forest or swamp |
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Term
| List facts of the biochemical sed rock chert. |
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Definition
| fine-grained, hard, consists of silica, deposition of the remains of siliceous marine organisms, diatomite and radiolarite |
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Term
| Organic sed rocks include (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| Travertine, chemical sed rocks forms through? Where are examples? |
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Definition
preciptitaion of ground water in hot or cold water springs or on the surface on the walls of caves
ex. Timpanogos Cave, Utah and Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park |
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Term
| What are some types of chemical sed rocks? |
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Definition
| travertine, oolites-small calcite spheres, dolomite, chert, evaportites (gypsum, rock salt) |
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Term
| How are dolomite chem sed rocks formed? |
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Definition
| replacement rection -mg-rich solution replaces part of the Ca in calcite |
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Term
| How are chert chem sed rocks formed? |
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Definition
| replacement reaction-petrifed wood forming into agate |
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Term
| How do evaporites such as gypsum and rock salt (halite) form? |
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Definition
| through evaporation of salt water |
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Term
| What is formed at Death Valley, California |
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Definition
| salt, which is a chemical sedimentary product |
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Term
| What are sedimentary structures? When do they form? What can they help determine? |
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Definition
bedding and other structures visible in a sedimentary unit, form during or shortly after deposition (after transportation through wind water or ice)
transoport mechanisms, depositional environment, stratigraphy of a sedimentary sequence |
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Term
| Bedding is a type of sedimentary structure. Explain its appearance and what it is caused by. |
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Definition
| Visible layers within rock, horizontally. caused by change in grain size, change in composition and pause during deposition |
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Term
| Describe the appearance of cross bedding, a structure of sedimentary. |
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Definition
| layers at different angles cross each other |
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Term
| Ripple marks, a structure of sed rocks can be described as what. Where can this be found? |
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Definition
| small, no more than a few centimeters high, elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of current flow. Can be found on modern beaches and on ancient rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical change in particle size, usually coarse grains at base and fine grains at top, form through turbidity currents |
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Term
| What are the types of sedimentary structures? (4) |
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Definition
| Bedding, cross-bedding, graded beds - turbidity currents, and ripple marks |
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Term
| Describe turbidity currents. |
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Definition
| Loose sediment mixed with water creating a murky cloud that is denser than clear water thus causing it to flow downslope |
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Term
| Bed surface markings include? 3 |
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Definition
| mud cracks, scour marks, fossils |
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Term
| what is depositional environment? |
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Definition
| the conditions in which sediment was deposited |
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Term
| What are the three types of depositional environmnets? |
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Definition
| continental, shoreline, and marine |
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