Term
| Which brain structure is part of the hypothalamus just above the optic chiasm and is the control center for circadian rhythms (sleep) as well as temperature control? |
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Definition
| suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Term
| Stimulation of the ventrolateral preoptic area induces what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happesn when the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA) is compromised? |
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Definition
| pts are unable to sleep (chronic insomnia) and eventually die |
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Term
| What effects does chloral hydrate have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drug is commonly prescribed with SSRIs to facilitate sleep? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Rozerem stimulates which receptors? |
|
Definition
| MT1 and MT2 (melatonin receptors) |
|
|
Term
| What is rozerem clinically used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the abuse potential for rozerem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contraindications for use of rozerem? |
|
Definition
| alcoholism, or consumption of alcohol, renal dysfunction |
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Term
| What is rozerem's affect on testosterone? |
|
Definition
| decreases circulating testosterone (also increases prolactin) |
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|
Term
| What is acetylcholine's role in sleep? |
|
Definition
| increase Acetylcholine increases REM time |
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|
Term
| The basal forbrain releases what substance necessary for sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What endogenous chemical is responsible for mediating wafefullness and is also deficient in narcoleptics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug is used in the treatment of narcolepsy? Why? |
|
Definition
| modafinil, it stimlates glutamate and orexin release and inhibits GABA |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of modafinil? |
|
Definition
| mood improvement, increased mental energy, increased memory (better than amphetamines which cause jitters, anxiety, and agitation) |
|
|
Term
| What value does flumazenil hold? |
|
Definition
| it's a benzodiazepine antagonist |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of caffeine? |
|
Definition
| it blocks adenosine receptors, which prevents inhibition of the forebrain |
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|
Term
| Which BZ1 receptor agonist facilitates sleep, but also has the consequence of causing waking activities to be performed during sleep? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a non-benzodiazepine sedative used to treat insomnia. |
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|
Term
| What are the mechnisms of action for barbiturates? |
|
Definition
| open GABA channels (stimulation of GABA channels at high doses), blockage of Glut and Na+ channels |
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|
Term
| Barbiturates are primarly used for what purpose? |
|
Definition
| treatment of short-term insmonia (less than two weeks), they provide no pain relief |
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|
Term
| What are the general side effects of barbiturates? |
|
Definition
| death by OD, decreased REM sleep |
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|
Term
| Benzodiazepines have what mechanism of action? |
|
Definition
| sustain open Cl- channels at GABA receptors |
|
|
Term
| Which GABA receptors cause amnesia when stimulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are benzodiazepines preferred over barbiturates? |
|
Definition
| less likely to develop tolerance/dependence |
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|
Term
| Estazolam, flurazepam, and trazolam are exmaples of which category of drugs? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What occur sin the pons, limbic system, parietal cortex, and temporal cortex during REM sleep as compared to other stages of sleep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which areas of the brain experience decreased activity during REM sleep? |
|
Definition
| visual cortex, motor cortex, prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| PGO sleep waves are exhibited during what stage of sleep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two drug classes are contraindicated in cases of sleep apnea? |
|
Definition
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