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| EITHER the observer of the measurements does not know OR the subject of the experimental treatment does not know in which group (experimental or control) the subjects have been placed |
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| NEITHER the researcher NOR the subjects know who is receiving the experimental or placebo treatment |
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Definition
| anything that mistakenly influences the conclusions about groups and distorts comparisons. |
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Definition
| Inappropriate selection of study subjects; often leads to incorrect relationships between risk factor(s) and disease |
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Definition
| Inappropriate collection of information during the study; often leads to incorrect relationships between risk factor(s) and disease |
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Definition
| some known or unknown factor is associated with both the risk factor and the outcome; often leads to incorrect relationships between risk factor(s) and outcome (disease) |
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Definition
| study design in which persons with a disease of interest (cases) are compared with those without the disease (controls); researchers look back to identify possible causes |
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| a professional article that describes the diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic services rendered to a patient with an unusual or complex condition |
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| a journal article that describes a series of cases of an unusual or complex condition |
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Definition
| An experiment designed to test the effect of an agent or procedure on two or more groups |
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Definition
| group of individuals with similar characteristics |
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Definition
| study where the same subjects are followed over a period of time to observe the occurrence of a particular event |
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Definition
| Group that does not receive the independent variable (may receive a placebo or no treatment at all). An equivalent group used for comparison |
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| descriptive study where variable(s) is/are measured at one point or limited period or time |
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Definition
| Study conducted on a population (i.e. entire city) where independent variable is either added or removed and the outcome is measured |
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Definition
| An investigation of similar groups of individuals over an extended period of time in order to identify a change or development in that group |
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Definition
| research design that attempts to approximate the standards of experimentation, but falls short of the control and precision required; random assignment of participants is not possible |
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Term
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Definition
| framework or blueprint for conducting a study |
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Definition
| A subset of measurements selected from a population of interest. A part or subset of the population used to gain information about the whole |
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Definition
| sample consisting of entire population |
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Definition
subjects chosen from whatever portion of the population is easiest to reach
- access to total is not possible
- risk of bias |
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Term
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Definition
someone with knowledge of population arbitrarily selects the sample to represent the population
- risk of bias |
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Term
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Definition
subjects chosen in such a way that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to be in the sample
- increases external validity
- reduces chance of bias |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects chosen from subgroups proportionately in the sample with similar characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| every nth member of population is selected; “n” can represent any number; essentially equivalent to simple random sampling |
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