Term
| Describe the arrangement, movement, and forces between the particles in a solid. |
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Definition
| Particles are touching and are in ordered rows, they vibrate about a fixed position, and there are strong forces of attraction between particles. |
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Term
| Describe the arrangement, movement, and forces between the particles in a liquid. |
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Definition
| Particles are touching and are randomly arranged, the particles are free to move around and swap positions, and there are weak forces of attraction between particles. |
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Term
| Describe the arrangement, movement, and forces between the particles in a gas. |
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Definition
| A: Particles are far apart and randomly arranged, the particles are free to move in any direction and move quickly, and there are almost no forces of attraction between particles. |
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Term
| Can solids, liquids, or gases be compressed? |
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Definition
| Only gases can be compressed. |
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Term
| Explain why a gas can be compressed but a liquid cannot. |
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Definition
| Particles in a liquid are touching so there is no space for particles to be compressed into, whereas in gases there is space between the particles so they can be moved closer together. |
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Term
| What happens to a solid as it is heated (without changing state)? |
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Definition
| The particles vibrate faster and the solid expands. |
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Term
| What happens to the particles in a liquid/gas as it is heated (without changing state)? |
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Definition
| : The particles move about faster and the liquid expands. |
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Term
| What happens to the particles in a liquid/gas as it is heated (without changing state)? |
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Definition
| The particles move about faster and the liquid expands. |
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Term
| Which has a higher internal energy: a solid, liquid, or gas and why? |
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Definition
| A gas, because the particles are moving faster and therefore have more kinetic energy. |
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Term
| What is Brownian motion? Give an example. |
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Definition
| The random motion of particles when suspended in a liquid, for example, when pollen is suspended in water, it jiggles about randomly. |
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Term
| Explain why we get Brownian motion when pollen is suspended in water. |
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Definition
| The water particles that we cannot see move about randomly and collide with the visible pollen, causing it to move randomly. |
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Term
| What model does Brownian motion help to provide evidence for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In terms of the particles, describe why a metal has a higher density than polystyrene. |
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Definition
| The particles in a metal are more tightly packed, meaning there is more mass in the same volume, therefore the metal has a higher density. |
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Term
| What is the definition for density? |
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Definition
| The mass of a substance per unit volume. |
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Term
| What are the units for density? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do some substances float in water but others do not? |
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Definition
| If a substance has a higher density than water, it will sink; if it has a lower density than water, it will float. |
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Term
| Explain why solids normally have a higher density than liquids. |
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Definition
| Solids have more particles in a given volume. |
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Term
| What are the units for mass? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the units for volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain why ice (water) floats in liquid water. |
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Definition
| Solids should sink in water because they are normally more dense than liquids, but in ice, the water molecules do not pack as tightly due to the bonds in ice making the particles spread out, making ice less dense so it floats in liquid water. |
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Term
| Do opposite charges (e.g., positive and negative) repel or attract? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which particles are able to move to create electricity? |
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Definition
| Electrons (protons cannot move!) |
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Term
| What is static electricity? |
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Definition
| Static electricity is caused by a build-up of electrons on an object. This happens when the force of friction causes electrons to be removed from their atoms and transferred from one object to another. |
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Term
| Explain why a balloon will stick to a jumper after they have been rubbed together. |
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Definition
| Friction causes electrons to move from the jumper to the balloon. The jumper loses electrons and the balloon gains electrons. The balloon now has more electrons than protons, so it has an overall negative charge. The jumper now has more protons than electrons, so it has an overall positive charge. These are now electrostatically attracted. |
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Term
| What is the name of the force between charges? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the definition of current? |
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Definition
| Current - The amount of charge (electrons) that passes a point in a wire every second. |
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Term
| What are the units for current? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can you use to measure the current? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the circuit symbol for an ammeter and where does it go in a circuit? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the definition of resistance? |
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Definition
| Resistance – Anything that slows down the flow of current in a circuit. |
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Term
| What causes electrical resistance? |
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Definition
| Resistance is caused by the electrons colliding with the atoms in a wire. This slows them down, decreasing the current and causing resistance. |
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Term
| Explain how the current in a circuit is affected by insulators and conductors. |
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Definition
| Insulators (e.g., plastic) decrease the current in a circuit. Conductors (e.g., copper) increase the current in a circuit. |
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Term
| What are the units for potential difference? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can you use to measure potential difference in a circuit? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the circuit symbol for a voltmeter and where does it go in a circuit? |
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Definition
| Voltmeters go in parallel. |
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Term
| What are the units for resistance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What supplies the potential difference to a circuit? |
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Definition
| The power source (e.g., battery). |
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Term
| What is potential difference? |
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Definition
| Potential difference - The push that drives the current around a circuit. |
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Term
| Q: What are the 7 energy stores? |
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Definition
A: Chemical energy, Kinetic energy, Gravitational potential energy, Elastic potential energy, Thermal energy, Electrostatic energy, Magnetic energy. |
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Term
| What type of energy store does an object gain if it is lifted up? |
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Definition
| Gravitational potential energy. |
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Term
| A rubber band is stretched. What type of energy store does it gain? |
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Definition
| Elastic potential energy. |
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Term
| Give 3 examples of chemical energy stores. |
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Definition
| Fuels (e.g., petrol), Batteries, Food. |
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Term
Describe the changes in energy stores as a ball is dropped.
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Definition
- Starts with gravitational potential energy.
- As it falls, gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
- There is also some wasted thermal energy due to friction between the air and the ball.
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Term
| What is an energy pathway (transfer pathway)? |
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Definition
A: How energy is transferred from one store to another. |
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Term
| What are the 4 energy pathways (transfer pathways)? |
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Definition
| Mechanical, Heating, Electrical, Waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Work done is the amount of energy transferred between stores. |
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Term
| What are the units for energy? |
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Definition
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