Term
|
Definition
| People who have astonishing memory abilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The retention of information or experiences over time as the result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process that involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also called vigilance, the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relating material to your own experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hypotheses that claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored as both image codes and verbal codes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time frames up to 30 seconds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time frames up to a lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to visual sensory memory, which is retained only for about 1/4 of a second. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer. Usually the limit of this type of memory is 7 +/- 2 items. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of digits an individual can report back in order after a single presentation of them. The limit is usually 7 +/- 2 items. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process for memorization that involves grouping or packing information that exceeds the 7 +/- 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered as a single unit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conscious repetition of information. |
|
|
Term
| Working Memory (Alan Baddeley) |
|
Definition
| A three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as a we perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to help us understand, make decisions, and solve problems. |
|
|
Term
| Phonological Loop (Alan Baddeley) |
|
Definition
| Specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language. Contains two separate components: acoustic code and rehearsal |
|
|
Term
| Visuospatial Working Memory |
|
Definition
| Stores visual and spatial information, including visual imagery. The capacity of the visuospatial working memory is limited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integrates information no only from the phonological loop and visuospatial working memory, but also from the long-term memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time. Made up of explicit (declaritive) memory and implicit (non-declarative) memory. |
|
|
Term
| Explicit (declarative) Memory |
|
Definition
| The conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated. (hippocampus, temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas in the limbic system) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even without rehearsal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings-that is how individuals remember life's episodes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person's knowledge about the world, including his or her areas of expertise; general knowledge, such as of things learned in school; and everyday knowledge. |
|
|
Term
| Implicit (nondeclarative) Memory |
|
Definition
| Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. (cerebellum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The automatic learning of associations between stimuli so that one comes to evoke the same response as the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A schema fro an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also called parallel distributed processing (PDP), the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A concept that states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them-and thus the memory-may be strengthened. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a smell to transport us into vivid memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Better recall for items in the beginning of a list |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Better recall for items at the end of the list |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A memory task in which the individual has to retrieve previously learned information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A memory task in which the individual only has to identify learned items (multiple-choice test). |
|
|
Term
| Encoding Specificity Principle |
|
Definition
| Principle which states that information present at the time of encoding or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process by which people remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same context in which they learned it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The effect that adults remember more events from the second and third decades of life than from the other decades |
|
|
Term
| Autobiographical Memory Hierarchical Structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A defense mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that he or she forgets it and then forgets the act of forgetting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A problem that occurs when the information was never entered into long-term memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that people forget not because the memories are lost from storage, but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory stating that when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting. |
|
|
Term
| Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon |
|
Definition
| A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but cannot quite pull it out of memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remembering information from the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remembering information about doing something in the future; including memory for intentions (includes both timing and content-what and when). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the brain structures associated with the process of passing information from STM to LTM |
|
|
