Term
| What can you determine from studying human bones? |
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Definition
| sex, age, height, illness, diet, where they lived, activity pattern, demographic |
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Term
| What interpretation can we make from studying human bones? |
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Definition
| Funerary rites, Social Status, Kinship, Perceptions of landscape, perceptions of death, religious, children, disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue, production of blood cells, storage of fat and storage of mineral elements. |
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Term
| What makes up human bone? |
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Definition
| Mineral 70% (apatite), 25& organic content, 5% water |
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Term
| What 3 characteristics do bones have? |
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Definition
| Hollow centre, flared ends, special attachment areas |
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Term
| What are the types of bones? |
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Definition
| Compact(cortical) and Trabecular (cancellous) bones. All are covered with Periosteum, and lined with Endosteum |
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Term
| What can you tell from tooth enamel? |
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Definition
| It doesn't remodel so permanantly records events e.g. illness, diet, stress, trauma..C.20years to biological age |
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Term
| How many bones are in the human boday (adult)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 types of of bone? |
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Definition
| Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Seasmoid |
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Term
| What are Long and Short bones? |
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Definition
Long- paired bones, larger movements, support
Short- paired, dexterous, flexible movements |
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Term
| What are Flat, Irregular and Seasmoid bones? |
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Definition
Flat- protect soft tissue, supply surfaces.
Irregular- complex
Seasmoid- modules of bones which mineralise (ossify) within a tendon at a point of friction |
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Term
| What are the Planes of the body? |
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Definition
Coronal- frontal plane that divided the anterior and posterior
Sagittal- vertical plane
transverse- horizontal plane |
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Term
| What are the Planes of the body? |
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Definition
Coronal- frontal plane that divided the anterior and posterior
Sagittal- vertical plane
transverse- horizontal plane |
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Term
| What are the 8 directions of the body? |
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Definition
| Superior, Inferior, Anterior (toward the front), Posterior (Toward the back), Medial(Midline), Lateral(Away from medial), Proximal (Trunk of origin of limb), Distal (Away from trunk) |
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Term
| What are the 4 main reasons for digging up skeletons? |
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Definition
| Redevelopment, Research, Family request for cremation or relocation, Criminal investigations |
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Term
| What happens if you find Human Bones? |
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Definition
| Contact police, visit by representative from coroners office and Osteoarchaeologist- determines if its- Human/Non human or Modern/Archaeological |
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Term
| What are the 5 processes of an excavation strategy? |
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Definition
| How many skeletons are expected? burial customs?, previous excavations?, Land use?, Time and man power |
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Term
| What is an example of silhouette or pseudomorph? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 8 positions and ways of burial? |
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Definition
| Articulated, disarticulated, cremated, primary grave, secondary grave, Supine(on back), Flexed(semi-flexed, crouched), Prone(on front) |
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Term
| how many skeleton can be excavated in a day - Plan, lift, bag, label and washed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 6 ways are skeletons recorded? |
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Definition
| burial recording form, associated artefacts, body position, body orientation, photography, planning |
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Term
| What are the levels of accuracy to determine the sex of a skeleton in the Skull, Mandible, Pelvis and Whole skeleton? |
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Definition
Skull- 80%
Mandible- 90%
Pelvis- 90-95%
Whole Skeleton0 95% + |
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Term
| What is the scoring system for determing sexes? |
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Definition
| 1- female through to 5- Male |
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