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| a way of learning about the natural world through observations and logical reasoning. |
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| a term for the ongoing discovery in science. |
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| the study of matter, energy, and the changes that matter and energy undergo. |
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| Some of the skills used by scientists include... |
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| posing questions, making observations and inferences , developing hypothoses, and conducting experiments. |
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| a method of scientific inquiry involving all 5 senses . |
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| a logical interpretation based on interpretations and prior knowledge. |
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| In science a hypothesis must be testable by... |
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| an experimant or or observation. |
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| factors that can change during an experiment. |
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| the variable that a scientist changes changes during a controlled expiriment. |
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Responding Variable (Dependent Variable) |
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| the variable that is expected to change because of the manipulated variable. |
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| an experiment in which all variables but one remain the same. |
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| a well-tested idea that explains and connects a wide range of observations. |
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| a statement that descrobes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of circumtances. |
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| anything that has mass and takes up space. |
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| Every specific substance has... |
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| its own combination of properties that can be used to identify the substance. |
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| the study of the properties of matter and how matter changes. |
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| a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means. |
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| Elemants are called the building blocks of metter because... |
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| all matter is composed of elements. |
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the tiny particles elements are made up of. |
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| a one- or two-letter set of characters used to identify an element. |
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| a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a specific ratio. |
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| a combination of symbols that shows the ratio of elements in a compound. |
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| made from two or more substances- elements, compounds, or both- that are together in the same space but not chemically combined |
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| a change that alters the form or appearance of a material but not the material into new substances. |
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| a change in matter that produces new substances. |
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| Chemical Reaction Definition from Ch. 1 |
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| a change in matter that results in new substance. |
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| Physical changes and chemical changes are... |
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| the two basic ways in which matter can change. |
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| a measure of the force of gravity on an object. |
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| unlike an object's weight, an object's mass... |
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| will not change when the force of gravity on it changes. |
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International System of Units (SI) |
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| the system of units scientist use to study the properties of matter. |
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| the amount of space that matter occupies. |
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| a measurement of how much mass is contained in a given volume. |
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| Volume = Length × Width × Height |
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To calculate the density of an object, divide its mass by volume. Density = mass⁄volume |
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| a force that holds two atoms together. |
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| a combination of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. |
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| To obtain an element from its compound it is necessary to... |
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| cause a chemical reaction to take place. |
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| has a definite volume and a definite shape. |
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A solid has definite shape and volume because... |
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the particles are packed so tightly together and stay in fixed positions. |
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| a solid made up of crystals. |
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| the distinct temperature at which a crystalline solid melts. |
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| a solid whose particles are arranged in no regular pattern. |
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| has no definite shape of its own, but has a definite volume. They do not easily compress or expand. |
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Why does a liquid have no definite shape? |
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| Because its particles are free to move around. |
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| a liquids resistance ot flowing. |
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has no definite shape or volume. |
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| What happens when you remove a gas from its container? |
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| The particles spread out to accomadate the new space. |
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| a measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance. |
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the outward puch of something divided by the area of the walls of the container its in. Formula: Pressure = Force ÷ Area |
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| When the pressure of a gas is increased at a consant temperature, the volume of the gas decreases. When the pressure is decreased, the volume increases. |
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| Relating Temperature and Pressure |
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| When the temperature of a gas at a constant volume is increased, the pressure of the gas increases. When the temperature is decreased the pressure decreases |
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| When the temperature of a gas is increased at constant pressure, When the temperature of a gas is decreased, the volume decreases. |
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| diagrams that tell how two variables, or factors, are related. |
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when two variables form a straight line passing through the (0,0) point and the relationship is linear and the variables are directly proportional. |
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| when a graph of two measurements forms a curve like:[image] |
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| The energy that the particles of a substance have |
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| Thermal energy always flows from the _____ substance to the ____ substance. |
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| Thermal energy always flows from the warmer substance to the cooler substance. |
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| A substanxce changes form when... |
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| its thermal energy increases or decreases by a sufficient amount. |
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the change of form from a liquid to a solid. |
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| the change of state from a liquid to a solid. |
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| occurs when a liquid gains enough energy to change froma liquid to a gas. |
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| takes place only on the surface of a liquid. eg a drying puddle. |
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| takes place inside a liquid and on the surface. |
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| the specific temperature each liquid boils at |
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| occurs when gas particles lose enough energy to become liquid. |
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| occurs when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy to become a gas. |
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| What does an atom consist of? |
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| the tiny, central core of an atom. |
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| have a positive electric charge (indicated by a +) |
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| have a neutral electric charge |
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| negatively (-) charged particles that move rapidly in all directions |
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the number of protons in an element's nucleus |
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| a measurement of the particles in atoms |
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| the electrons farthest away from the nucleus involved in chemical reactions. |
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| Where does a chemical bond form? |
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| A chemical bond forms between two atoms when valence electrons move between them. The valence electrons may be moved from one atom to another or shared between them. |
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made up of an elements symbol surrounded by dots representing valence electrons. EG: [image] |
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| Invented by Isaac Mendeleev, it is an arrangement of elements in order of atomic number, in which elements with similar properties are grouped in columns. |
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| Each square of the periodoc table includes: |
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atomic number, chemical symbol, name, and atomic mass. |
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| The elements in a row of the periodic table |
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| How do chemists classify elements? |
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| Based on physical properties like hardness, shininess, malleability, and ductility. |
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the ability of a material to be pounded into shapes |
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| the ability of a material to be pulled out or drawn into a wire |
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| a transmitter of heat and electricity |
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| describes materials that are attracted to magnets and can easily be made into magnets. |
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| the process of reaction and wearing away |
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| the matals in Group 1 from lithium to francium. Most reactive metals. Never found uncombined in nature. Used in batteries and medicines . |
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| More reactive than most. Two most common are magnesium and calcium. Each atom has 2 valence electrons. |
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| Form a bridge between the very reactive metals on the left side to the less reactive metals on the right. |
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| Only two actinides exist on earth in significant amounts. They are very unstable. |
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| The elements that lack most elements of metals |
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| Where are the nonmetals located on the periodic table? |
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| They are located to the right of the zigzag line in the periodic table. |
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| In general the properties of nonmetals...... |
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| Are the opposite of those that characterize metals |
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| Molecules of two identical atoms |
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| Group 17 of the periodic table which contains fluorine,chlorine,bromine,iodine, and astinine |
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| Group 18 of the periodic table. They do not gain, lose, lose, or share electrons. |
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| They are on the border between metals and nonmetals. It has some of the characteristics of both. |
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What is the most useful property of a metalloid? |
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| Their varying ability to conduct electricity |
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| Substances that under some conditions can carry electricity but in other circomstances cannot |
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The state of matter in which atoms are stripped of their electrons and the nuclei are packed close together. |
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| Is the process in which atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, releasing large amounts of energy in the process |
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Inside stars, nuclear fusion a. Breaks down a larger nuclei into a smaller nuclei thus making lighter elements b. combines smaller nuclei to make bigger nuclei, thus creating heavier elements |
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B Inside stars, nuclear fusion combines smaller nuclei to make bigger nuclei, thus creating heavier elements |
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| A tremendous explosion that breaks apart a massive star |
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T or F ( if F correct the underlined word) The particles that move around in an atom's nucleus are electrons |
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The particles that move around in an atom's nucleus are electrons True |
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T or F ( if F correct the underlined word) The alkali metals include iron, copper, silver, and gold. |
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The alkali metals include iron, copper, silver, and gold. F, Transition Metals |
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The attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions |
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| The chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share electrons. |
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| Ionic Bonds vs. Convalent Bonds |
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Naming Binary Compounds na+cl |
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| A convalent bond in which electrons are shared un- equally |
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The valence electrons are shared equally |
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| Gives off energy in the form of heat |
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| A solid that forms from a soloution during a chemical reaction |
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| Show the number of atoms of an element in a molecule or the ratio of elements in compound |
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The materials present at the beggining of the chemical reaction |
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| The materials present at the end of the reaction |
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| The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
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| A material that increases a rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy |
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| A material used to decrease the rate of reaction |
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| The body's biological catalyst |
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| A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily seperated by settling or filteration |
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| A substance that is present in the smaller amount and is dissolved by the solvent |
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| the part of a solution present in the largest amount |
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| a mixture with small, undissolved particles that do not settle out |
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| only a little solute is dissolved |
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| more solute is dissolved in the water |
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| contains as much solute as is possible t the given temperature |
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| contains more than solute is possible at the given temperature |
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| does not contain as much solute as is possible t the given temperature |
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| tastes sour, reacts with metals & carbonates, & turns red litmus blue |
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