Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a feature of topography that is formed by the processes that shape Earth's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects points of equal elevation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the change in elevation from contour line to contour line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference in elevation between the ighest and lowest parts of an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the height above sea level of a point on Earth's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the distance in degrees north or south of the equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vibration that goes through Earth, carrying the energy released by an earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a naturally occuring, inorganic solid with a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the color of a mineral's powder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how a mineral reflects light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a scale that ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mineral that breaks apart easily along flat surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of mass in a given space or mass per unit volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a repeating pattern of a mineral's particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water that make up part of Earth's mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magma that has reached the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the size, shape, and pattern of a rock's grains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the particles of minerals or other rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rock that is formed from the cooling of molten material-magma beneath the surface or lava at the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rock that is formed from the remains of plants and animals or particles of other rocks or minerals pressed and cemented together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sedimentary rock that is formed from particles of rock cemented together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sedimentary rock formed from plant and animal remains deposited into thick layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sedimentary rock that is formed from minerals dissolved in a solution crystallizing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which particles of sediment are pressed together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an existing rock is changed by chemical changes, heat or pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| igneous rock formed from magma hardening beneath the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| igneous rock formed from lava that erupted onto the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a material containing oxygen and silicon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rock that has large crystals surrounded by smaller crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a metamorphic rock with parallel layers or bands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when running water or wind loosens and carries away fragments of rock; the movement of rock by rock particles carried by ice, wind, water, or gravity; when natural forces move soil and weathered rock from oe place to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process that settles rock fragments out of the water or wind carrying them; when the agents of erosion lay down sediment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rigid layer that is made up of the crust and uppermost mantle, where plates move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a soft layer that is where convection currents occur, beneath the lithosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outermost thin layer of Earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located at the innermost part of Earth, a dense ball of solid metal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a layer of hot rock that contains asthenosphere and lithosphere, contains molten material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of heat through empty space, heat transfer by electromagnetic waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat transfer by direct contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat transfer by movement of a heated fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of energy that can travel through space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of energy with wavelengths longer than red light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of energy that has wavelengths shorter than violet light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which gases hold heat in the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subcontinent that contains all of the continents supposed by Wegener |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the percentage of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| winds that blow over short distances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| winds that blow in the same direction over long distances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a wind that blows from the sea to the land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a wind that blows from the land to the sea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when two plates converge, and one of the plates sinks beneath the other one and back into the mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a piece of Earth's lithosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a geological theory that explains that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant slow motion driven by convection currents in the mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area of calm winds at the equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a divergent boundary where new material (molten material) comes out, the longest range of mountains in the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a crack in Earth's crust where two plates slip past each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of stress in which a mass of rock goes in two opposite directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a divergent boundary where two continental plates are diverging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where two plates slip past each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a place where two plates converge, or come together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a place where two oceanic plates converge, and one is subducted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a place where two plates diverge, or move apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shaking and trembling caused by movement of rock beneath Earth's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a force that changes the shape or volume of rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stress force that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bend in Earth's crust that forms when compression thickens and shortens the crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a place where there is a fault at angle, and the hanging wall slips downward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when two plates slip past each other sideways with little up or down motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when two normal faults uplift a block of rock, forming a mountain or plateau |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same structure as a normal fault with a hanging wall and footwall at an angle, hanging wall slips up and over the footwall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulls rock apart, causing it to be thinner in the middle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point beneath Earth's surface where rock under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process that turns loose, soft soil suddenly into mud during a violent earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the strength of an earthquake based on the seismic waves and movement along a fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| come first; compress and expand the land like an accordion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waves that come second after P waves, move the land side to side as well as up and down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are slower than P waves and S waves, but cause more severe ground movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weak spot in Earth's crust where magma reaches the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a major volcanic belt that surrounds Pacific Ocean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| string of islands formed when a volcano is formed from subduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magma that melts through the crust like a blow torch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large body of rock that forms beneath Earth's surface when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an explosive eruption hurls out cinders, ashes, and bombs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| winds that blow at 30 degrees north and south of the equator, named by ship that ran out of food and water for horses, calm area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| band of high-stream winds that blow at 10 kilometers above Earth's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| winds that blow west from horse latitudes to poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| winds that blow east at poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| winds named after traders that went through this region; blow from horse latitudes to equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gently sloping mountain that produces quiet eruptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steep, cone-shaped mountain that has layers of lava alternate with layers of ash; produces explosive and quiet eruptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steep, cone-shaped hill or mountain that produces explosive eruptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clean reliable source from water heated by magma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms when magma hardens in a volcano's pipe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when magma forces itself across layers of rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when magma squeezes itself between layers of rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of dark brown, crumbly soil that contains a mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals; a horizon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of soil that contains clay and other minerals washed down from a horizon, b horizon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the advance of desert like conditions into areas that were once fertile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of gases that surround Earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere; where weather occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from top of troposphere to about 50 km above Earth's surface; upper stratosphere contains ozone layer, which makes it hotter; lower stratosphere is cold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower layer of thermosphere; where aurora borealis occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of thermosphere; where satellites are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere; hottest layer; contains ionosphere and exosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle layer of Earth's atmosphere; where most meteroids burn up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the result of the weight of a column of air pushing down on you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed from a stream flowing down a mountain range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remaining water that moves over Earth's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any large mass of ice moving slowly over land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wide, flat land that is along a river |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a looplike bend in the course of a river |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stream that flows into a larger stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sediment that deposits where a river flows into a lake or ocean that builds this landform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the till that is deposited at the edges of a glacier form this ridge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wave-washed sediment along a coast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when repeated waves cause beach sediment to move down the beach with the current |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which wind removes surface material |
|
|
