Term
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Definition
| ___ is normally produced in Islets of Langerhans in pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Islets of Langerhans cells are the ___ portion of the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas produce insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ lowers blood glucose levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type __ diabetes is absolute: The islets of langerhans are destroyed by immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type __ diabetes is relative. Cell membranes don't respond correctly to insulin. |
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Term
1. Symptoms + non-fasting plasma glucose >200 mg/dl
2. fasting plasma glucose >126 mg/dl
3. 2 hour post prandial glucose >200mg/dl |
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Definition
| How is diabetes diagnosed? |
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Term
| non-fasting plasma glucose >200mg/dl |
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Definition
| In order to be diagnosed with diabetes a patient must have symptoms of diabetes + _________ >200mg/dl. |
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Term
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Definition
| In order to be diagnosed with diabetes a patient must have fasting plasma glucose > ____ mg/dl. |
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Term
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Definition
| In order to be diagnosed with diabetes a patient must have 2-hr post-prandial glucose >____ mg/dl. |
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Term
| Normal Fasting plasma glucose level = <110. Impaired = >110. Provisional Dx of Diabetes = >126. |
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Definition
| Normal Fasting plasma glucose level = ____. Impaired = ____. Provisional Dx of Diabetes = ____. |
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Term
| Normal 2-hr post-prandial glucose level = <140. Impaired = 140-200. Provisional Dx of Diabetes = >200. |
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Definition
| Normal 2-hr post-prandial glucose level = ____. Impaired = ____. Provisional Dx of Diabetes = ____. |
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Term
| hemoglobin A1c levels (HbA1c), 7-9% |
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Definition
| ___ levels reflect the amount of hemoglobin that has been glycosylated. Should be below __-__%. Gives better long range assessment of degree of diabetic control. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ levels give better long range assessment of degree of diabetic control. |
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Term
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Definition
| HbA1c levels should be below __-__%. |
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Term
| I, often childhood onset, autoimmune disease, most severe type, patient takes insulin |
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Definition
| Polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia are symptoms of diabetes type __. |
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Term
| intracellular hyperglycemia |
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Definition
| ___ ___ occurs only in tissues that transport glucose without insulin. It causes tissue damage of nerves, lens of eye, kidney and blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is caused by poor vascular supply + impaired WBC function + decreased sensation. |
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Term
| glomerulosclerosis, pyelonephritis |
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Definition
| ___ is sclerosis of glomeruli. ____ is infection of the kidney. Both of these are complications of diabetes. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is low blood glucose due to too much insulin or too little food. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weak, agitates, palpitations, sweating, confusion, seizure and even coma are symptoms of ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| How do you treat hypoglycemia? |
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Term
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Definition
| The ___ of the adrenal gland is stimulated by ACTH from pituitary gland to produce steroids to regulate metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ___ of the adrenal gland produces noradrenaline and adrenaline to regulate vascular tone. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is the excess of glucocorticoids caused by prescribed prednisone or ACTH tumor (ACTH high). |
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Term
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Definition
| Moon face, buffalo hump, hypertension, heart failure and diabetes mellitus are clinical features of ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein loss (characterized by bruising, thin skin, osteoporosis and stretch marks) is a clinical feature of ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hairy, impotent, menses irregular, acne and psychosis are characteristics of ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is insufficient glucocorticoids. It may be caused by the abrupt withdrawal of prescription steroids, autoimmune or destruction of adrenal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Addison disease may be caused by destruction of adrenal (cortex/medulla). |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic adrenal cortex insufficiency is ___ ___ characterized by weak, fatigue, hypotension, bronze skin and peri-oral pigmentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute adrenal cortex insufficiency is ___ ___ caused by stress in an addisonian patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weakness, fatigue, weight loss, hypotension and GI dysfuction (anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain) are characteristics of ___ ___. |
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Term
| adrenal crisis / addisonian crisis |
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Definition
| Crash in blood pressure (nausea, vomiting, dehydration, weakness) is a clinical sign of ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ deals with growth, differentiation, maturation, water balance and metabolism. |
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Term
| congenital hypothyroidism (before puberty) |
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Definition
| ___ ___ is cretinism. Mentally and physically delayed, edema (tongue), small mandible, open mouth, sparse hair and fingernails. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is hypothyroidism after puberty. Swelling, macroglossia, slow BMR, constipation, bradycardia, hypothermia. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ increases BMR, diarrhea, tachycardia, hyperthermia, bulging eyes and hypertension. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. |
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Term
| graves disease (most common cause of hyperthyroidism) |
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Definition
| ___ ___ is an autoimmune disease where antibodies bind to thyroid follicle cells, mimic activity of TSH, continually stimulate thyroid hormone production, and may be stimulated by viral infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is located in the sella tircica connected to the hypothalamus. Together they regulate other glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Anterior/Posterior) lobe has epithelial origin. (Anterior/Posterior) lobe has neural origin. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is usually adenoma (common). May be sign of multiple endocrine neoplasia I (MEN1). |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, LH, FSH, ACTH and prolactin are affected by ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is low GH only, before puberty. Small, but well proportioned. Small jaw, normal teeth, crowding, sparse hair, wrinkled skin, hypogonadism. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is growth hormone adenoma before puberty. ___ is growth hormone adenoma after puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ excess GH before growth stops, may reach 8 feet tall, well proportioned. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is excess growth hormone after long bones stop growing, enlargement of hands, feet, mandible, thickened calvarium, lips and tongue, class III may develop and teeth may become spaced. |
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