Term
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Definition
| ___ is the excess of blood in an organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ hyperemia is due to an increased supply of blood such as the dilation of arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ hyperemia is dark red in color. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ hyperemia is due to congestion or the blockage of blood's exit such as the blockages of veins. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ hyperemia is blue-red in color. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is bleeding from blood vessels usually caused by trauma. They may also be caused by surgery, aneurysms, infections, fragile blood vessels or coagulation disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ may be caused by trauma, surgery, aneurysms, infections, fragile blood vessels or coagulation disorders. |
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Term
| False! A hematoma (bleeding into soft tissue) does not blanch, but a hemangioma (benign neoplasm) does. This test is called a diascopy. |
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Definition
| T/F: Hematoma blanches with pressure while hemangioma does not. |
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Term
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Definition
| A loss of >20% of blood may lead to ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you donate blood, you lose approximately ___%. |
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Term
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Definition
| After losing ___%, you will probably feel sick. |
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Term
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Definition
| After losing ___% of blood, you will probably experience hypovolemic shock. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is bleeding to death. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is hemorrhaging into the pleural cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is hemorrhaging into the pericardial sac. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is hemorrhaging into a joint space. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is hemorrhaging into soft tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are pinpoint bleeds ranging from 1mm - 3mm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where is the most common site for petecchiae? |
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Term
| purpura (which means "purple") |
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Definition
| ___ are larger hematomas, ranging from >3mm - <1cm. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the widespread hypoperfusion due to reduction in blood volume, cardiac output, or the redistribution of blood resulting in reduction in effective circulating blood volume. |
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Term
| cardiogenic shock = heart fails to pump adequately |
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Definition
| ___ shock is the failure of the heart to pump adequately. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ shock is the inadequate volume of blood due to dehydration, exsanguination or ruptured organ. |
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Term
| shock (both hypovolemic and cardiogenic) |
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Definition
| Tired, weak pulse, grey / cool / clammy skin and the reduction in blood pressure are clinical signs of ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ shock is due to an infection leading to peripheral pooling, direct injury, inflammatory / immune activation by endotoxins, multisystem failure or even death. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is clinically characterized by warm, flushed skin due to peripheral vasodilation caused by g(-) bacterial endotoxins affecting blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anesthesia, spinal cord injury, periperhal vasodilation and blood pooling may cause ___ shock. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ shock is the injury of nerves leading to no muscle contraction causing blood pooling. |
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Term
Right = deoxygenated coming from body / going to lungs
Left = oxygenated coming from lungs / going to body |
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Definition
| Deoxygenated blood is handled by the ___ side of the heart while oxygenated blood is handled by the ___ side. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ ___ occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough oxygenated blood to meet the requirements of the tissues. It is usually caused by the failure of muscle to contract properly due to ischemic injury, valve disease, or other heart abnormalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatigue and shortness of breath are clinical signs of what disease that affects 10 out of 100 people? |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle damage, high work load and inefficient function are the three top causes of ___ ___. |
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Term
| Muscle damage (heart attack), high work load (high blood pressure), inefficient function (heart valve disease) |
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Definition
| What are the top 3 causes of heart failure? |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ enlarges the heart in congestive heart failure. It increases capacity but also increases the metabolic demands. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the enlargement of the heart caused by hypertrophy to compensate for congestive heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: Usually the right and left sides of the heart fail together. |
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Term
left heart failure
Lungs --> atrium --> ventricle --> aorta. |
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Definition
| ___ heart failure is more severe. It causes problems with atrium / ventricle leading to extra pressure in lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ side heart failure may lead to pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, or kidney failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is difficulty breathing. ___ is difficulty breathing especially while lying down. These are both signs of pulmonary edema caused by left side heart failure. |
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Term
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
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Definition
| ___ ___ ___ is the gasping for breath at night. The patient may need several pillows to sleep. This is caused by pulmonary edema due to left side heart failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cough and acute pulmonary edema are caused by ___ ___ ___ due to left side heart failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ cells are erythrocytes engulfed by macrophages causing them to appear red. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ cells are hemosiderin-laden macrophages. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is when only the right side of the heart is diseased. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cor pulmonale is when only the ___ side of the heart is diseased. |
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Term
| False! Vice versa... Right heart failure is almost always caused by left heart failure because it increases the workload of the right heart. |
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Definition
| T/F: Left side heart failure is almost always due to right heart failure because it increases the workload of the left side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood backs up systemically and also into the portal (liver) system in ___ heart failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pitting edema of the ankles is due to the peripheral edema caused by ___ side heart failure. |
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Term
| Right / Sclerosis is caused by blood vessels becoming compressed due to collagen and it is firm to the touch |
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Definition
| "Nutmeg liver" and sclerosis of the liver are caused by ___ heart failure. |
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Term
| True! Otherwise they may experience pulmonary edema and dyspnea while laying down. |
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Definition
| T/F: You should sit a patient with congestive heart failure up as much as you can. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ heart disease is the imbalance between oxygen supply and the demand on the heart. The heart muscle does not get enough oxygen causing muscle cells to die. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ischemic heart disease is usually caused by ____ and causes 1/3 of US deaths. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is when the build up of plaque in the wall of an artery gradually occludes the lumen. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the plaque build up composed of lipid, smooth muscle and fibrous tissue that occludes artery lumens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atherosclerosis of the ___ arteries may cause ischemic heart disease or myocardial infarction. |
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Term
| cerebral arteries (stroke) / aorta (aneurysm) |
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Definition
| Atherosclerosis of the ___ arteries may cause a stroke. Atherosclerosis of the ___ may cause an aneurysm. |
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Term
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Definition
| HTN, acquired hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus are the 4 most common risk factors of ___. |
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Term
| False! Vice versa! Post-menopausal women experience atherosclerosis at the same rate as men while it is almost unheard of in pre-menopausal women. |
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Definition
| T/F: Pre-menopausal women experience atherosclerosis at the same rate as men while it is almost unheard of in post-menopausal women. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ density lipoproteins are deposited whereas ___ density lipoproteins help with metabolism of lipids. |
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Term
| True! Also, periodontal disease has association with presence of atherosclerosis |
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Definition
| T/F: Dental disease puts patient at high risk for cardiovascular disease and strokes. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is a strong predictor for atherogenesis. It is produced by the liver in acute inflammation. It is also elevated in periodontitis as well as atherosclerosis. |
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Term
| False! Fatty streaks are NOT atherosclerosis... but they are found in normal arteries, even children. |
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Definition
| T/F: Locations of fatty streaks correspond to sites of atheroscleosis and may be seen in normal arteries, even in children. |
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Term
| 1. Platelet adhesion, 2. release of factors, 3. smooth muscle constricts, 4. accumulation of collagen, 5. enhanced deposition of lipids |
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Definition
| Explain the development of a fatty streak. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ (a necrotic mass of lipid) makes up simple plaque along with a fibrous cap. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ plaque contains an atheroma, fibrous cap, fat-filled macrphages (foam cells), smooth muscle cells, and activated t-lymphocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ plaque is 1-3cm usually found in the lower abdominal aorta, coronaries, politeals, descending thoracic aorta, internal carotids and circle of Willis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ___ is a solid mass of coagulated blood inside the cardiovascular system. It can be life-saving or life-threatening. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is caused by endothelial damage, alterations in blood flow or hypercoagulability. |
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Term
| False! Vice versa!! Deep vein thrombosis can embolize, especially to lungs and be fatal. Superficial thrombosis rarely embolize and may cause statis ulcers. |
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Definition
| T/F: Superficial thrombosis can embolize, especially to lungs and be fatal. Deep vein thrombosis rarely embolize and may cause statis ulcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lysis/Resolution, propagation, organization, recanalization and embolism is the fate of a ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the occlusion of blood vessels by a mass transported by the bloodstream. Almost all are embolizing thrombus (thromboemboli). |
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Term
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Definition
| Most ___ are from deep vein thrombosis and often end up in lungs. |
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Term
| Brain / heart / kidney / intestine / legs / lungs |
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Definition
| ___ embolism = stroke / ___ embolism = MI / ___ embolism = renal infarct / ___ embolism = intestinal infarct / ___ embolism = gangrene / ___ embolism = pulmonary embolism |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ ___ is usually atherosclerosis plus increase O2 demand and decreased O2 supply caused by anemia, platelet plug, thormbosis, hemorrhage into atherosclerotic plaque or vasospasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is paroxysmal substernal chest pain lasting for a brief time, caused by transient myocardial hypoxia. The damage reversible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Angina pectoris may refer pain to ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is ischemic necrosis in the myocardium. Left heart is more often affected than right heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: Angina pectoris causes irreversible damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ necrosis may cause myocardial infarction. It then heals by fibrosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ thrombus formation is a thrombus in the endocardium. |
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Term
| chronic ischemic heart disease, major cause of unexplained heart failure, may accompany MI, usually leads to death through congestive heart failure |
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Definition
| ___ ___ heart disease is the most common cardiac disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypertension = blood pressure higher than ___/___ mmHg. |
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Term
| 120mmHg (Remember: systolic/diastolic) |
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Definition
| Malignant hypertension = diastolic pressure higher than ___mmHg. |
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Term
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Definition
| 90% of HTN is ___. (Blacks > whites) 10% is ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ arteriosclerosis is a mild disease with diffuse thickening of vessel walls. ___ arteriosclerosis is more deadly and is characterized by onion-skin thickening of vessel walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ nephrosclerosis results from mild arteriosclerosis. ___ nephrosclerosis results from hyperplastc arteriosclerosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is an immune-related inflammatory disease usually in children following infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. |
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Term
| group A beta-hemolytic streptococci |
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Definition
| Rheumatic fever usually occurs in children following an infection by what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Triggering infection for rheumatic fever is usually ___ ___. |
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Term
1. congenital heart disease
2. mechanical / artificial heart valves
3. previous infective endocarditis |
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Definition
| Who is at risk for infective endocarditis? |
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