Term
| How Many People were living in Russia before 1981? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In 1881, Russia had Immense National Resources, but...
|
|
Definition
| Limited Industrial Development |
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Term
| Alexander III became Tsar in ... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name four Problems Facing Alexander III when he first came to power. |
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Definition
Multi-Racial Empire
Worlds Largest Country
Very Backward Economy
Expectation of Change |
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Term
| When Alexander III began to reverse the changes made by his Father, Alexander II, Radicals began to believe that... |
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Definition
| The only way to achieve change is to remove the Tsarist System. |
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Term
| In 1881, Alexander III issued a Manifesto which declared... |
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Definition
| ALL POLITICAL POWER RESIDES WITH THE TSAR |
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Term
What was the Importance of the Statute of State Security?
|
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Definition
Trial for all political opponents, without Jury.
Maintained Political Stability. |
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Term
| What was the name of the Secret Police under Alexander III? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Alexander III helped establish Political Security by... |
|
Definition
Banning Foreign Books and Newspapers.
Press Freedom Severely Restricted.
14 Major Newspapers Banned.
Increasing University Fees to exclude all but the Wealthy. |
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Term
| The Land Captains were created to... |
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Definition
Replace 'Justices of the Peace'.
They enforced Local Laws. |
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Term
| Alexander III changed the trial by Jury system by... |
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Definition
| stating that the Government could choose who was on the Jury. |
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Term
| When was the Post of Land Captain Created? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Financial Minister in 1882 |
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Term
| What dit Bunge do to change the economy? |
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Definition
Reduced Tax Burden on the Peasants.
Created the Peasant Land Bank. |
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Term
| What was the name of the Foreign Minister in 1887? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is Credited with with 'laying the foundations' for Wittes Great Spurt? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How did Vyshnegradsky change the Economy? |
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Definition
| Took out a series of Foreign Loans from England/France/Belgium.. |
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Term
| When was Vyshnegradsky placed in charge of the economy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was Bunge placed in Charge of the Economy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Tsar Nicolas II ascend to Power? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Nicholas II describe the hope that he would relax his Fathers Policies? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 1890's, which two Factors were becoming increasingly linked? |
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Definition
| Economic Power and Military Power. |
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Term
| To retain Power in the 1890's, Russia had to... |
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Definition
| Exploit its FULL ECONOMIC POTENTIAL. |
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Term
| In the 1890's, Russia began... |
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Definition
| Ambitious Economic Modernisation. |
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Term
| Witte was Finance Minister in the years... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name 3 Positive Outcomes of Wittes Great Spurt. |
|
Definition
Coal, Iron and Steel Production Rose Massively.
The Creation of the Trans Siberian Railway allowed Russia to exploit its Resources.
Large Cities Grew. Population of St Petersburg doubled in size.
Unprecedented Economic Growth. |
|
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Term
| Name some Negative Outcomes of Wittes Great Spurt. |
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Definition
Large Cities grew so quickly that living conditions were very poor. This led to a series of strikes in the lead up to the 1905 revolution.
There was deep peasant resentment at the increased taxes. |
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Term
| Name the 5 main causes behind the 1905 revolution. |
|
Definition
Angry Peasants.
Angry Workers.
Angry Radicals.
Russo-Japanese War.
Bloody Sunday. |
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Term
| What was the importance of the Weakness of Political Groups? |
|
Definition
They were easily divided.
Easily de-revolutionised.
Easily Persecuted by the Black Hundreds. |
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Term
| How many workers had been on strike by the end of 1905? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the effect of the widespread striking? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Which two events of the 1905 revolution posed the biggest threat to the Tsars rule? |
|
Definition
The Railway Workers Strike.
The Scattered Mutinies. |
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Term
| What were the two main outcomes of the October Manifesto? |
|
Definition
National Parliment Created.
Freedom of speech and religion. |
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Term
| When was the Army's support most important during 1905 revolution? |
|
Definition
| The December armed uprising that lasted 9 days in Moscow. |
|
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Term
| Why did the lack of unity and organisation between the revolutionaries lead to its failure? |
|
Definition
Strikes were spontaneous and easily crushed.
AT NO POINT WAS THE GOVERNMENT THREATENED BY WHOLESALE, CO-ORDINATED, REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY. |
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|
Term
| The Tsarist Regime survived the 1905 revolution because at no point was it ever threatended by... |
|
Definition
| wholesale, co-ordinated revolutionary activity. |
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|
Term
| Different Radical Groups fought... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1906, the Tsar issued the .............. Law |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Which Article Gave the Tsar the right to override the Duma's decision? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Article 87 gave the tsar which power? |
|
Definition
| Power to override the Dumas decisions |
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Term
| The Dumas consisted of two houses, so they were... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The Upper House was made up of... |
|
Definition
| Nobles and Aristocrats, chosen by the Tsar |
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Term
| Any New Laws had to be passed by the Duma had to... |
|
Definition
| be agreed upon by both the Upper and Lower House. |
|
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Term
| How long did the First Duma Last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The First Duma was a big dissapointment for the Tsar, because |
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Definition
| It contained many Reformers, demanding change. |
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Term
| The Second Duma lasted.... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The Second Duma passed... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The Second Duma was only able to Pass importand land Reforms beacuse... |
|
Definition
| Pobedonstev and the Upper House agreed. |
|
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Term
| The Third Duma was Nicknamed... |
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Definition
| The Duma of Lords and Lackeys. |
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|
Term
| The Electorate for the Third Duma was restricted because... |
|
Definition
| Only the Rich could Vote. |
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Term
| The Third Duma introduced which 3 policies? |
|
Definition
Primary Education Plan.
Justices of the Peace (To replace Land Captains)
Health Insurance Programmes for Workers. |
|
|
Term
| Stolypin was Prime Minister between the years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Union of Russion People? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Russia under Stolypin was repressive because... |
|
Definition
Black 100's
Stolypins Neckties
Okhrana |
|
|
Term
| Stolypin wanted to Modernise... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Russian Figure wanted to Modernise Russian Agriculture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When were the peasants freed from the Communes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Stolypin abolish Redemption Payments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to Stolypins Policies, the % of peasants who owned land had grown from... |
|
Definition
20% in 1905
to
50% in 1915 |
|
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Term
| Stolypins policies saw a .......% increase in the number of Peasants who owned land over a 10 year period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grain Output in tonnes rose from .... to .... under Stolypins reforms |
|
Definition
46m tonnes in 1905
to
61m tonnes in 1915 |
|
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Term
| What would have happened to the Russian Peasantry if WW1 had not occured. |
|
Definition
| It would have been loyal and effective. |
|
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Term
| The Russian Army experieced a crushing defeat in WW1 at |
|
Definition
| The Battle of Tannenberg. |
|
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Term
| The Command Centre and Logistics for Russia in WW1 were ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Nicholas II make himself Commander in Chief of the Army? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was Commander in Chief of the Army before Nicholas took over? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of the Russian Population were mobilised during WW1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 3 organisations were set up to try and assist with the War Effort? |
|
Definition
The Progressive Bloc
ZEMGOR
Central War Industries Comitee |
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|
Term
| The Febuary 1917 Revolution was described as... |
|
Definition
| "The most leaderless, spontaneous, anonymous revolution of all time..." |
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Term
| What Government Announcement caused Chaos across the country? |
|
Definition
| Bread Rationing would start on March 1st |
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|
Term
| Which two groups of strikers came together at the start of the revolution? |
|
Definition
| Womens Workers (On Womens Day) and the Putilov Engineering Works. |
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|
Term
| The Majority of Strikes during the Feb 1917 revolution were over... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Major turning point of the Feb 1917 Revolution occured on the 25th Feb? |
|
Definition
| Cossack Troops Did not Fire on Protesters. |
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|
Term
| What happened on the 25 Feb 1917? |
|
Definition
| Cossacks refused to fire on Protesters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The St Petersberg Soviet issued Order No'1, giving soldiers the right to choose their Officers. |
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|
Term
| Why was Order Number 1 important? |
|
Definition
| It marked the deteriation of Government control over the army. |
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Term
| Name three problems faced by the Provisional Government from the Out-set. |
|
Definition
WW1
Economic Crisis.
Lack of Authority/Legitimacy |
|
|
Term
| How did the Soviet wrest control of the Army from the Provisional Government? |
|
Definition
| Order Number 1- Military orders from the Provisional Government would only be verified if supported by the Soviet. |
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|
Term
| In April 1917, people demonstrated against... |
|
Definition
| Russias Continued involvement in the War. |
|
|
Term
| The Provisional Government scored an 'Own Goal' with the June Offensive, because... |
|
Definition
Despite being warned about low Morale, they sent troops to try and regain some land in Southern Russia.
There were Desertions, Mutinies, and the Russian army began to collapse. |
|
|
Term
| What was the June offensive? |
|
Definition
| The Provisional Government attempted to win support and land by attacking Germans in Southern Russia. |
|
|
Term
| Why was the June Offensive a failure? |
|
Definition
| There were Military Desertions, Mutinies and the Army began to collapse. |
|
|
Term
| The Provisional Government faced Crisis inm the Countryside because... |
|
Definition
| It had very little control outside of the cities. |
|
|
Term
| The Provisional Government did make some reforms... |
|
Definition
Freedom of the Press
Abolition of the Okhrana
Release of all Political Prisioners.
Religious Freedom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was Lenin when the February Revolution took Place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Lenin Return to Russia? |
|
Definition
| In a sealed German Train. |
|
|
Term
| How did Lenins Views Differ to Marxism? |
|
Definition
| Revolution would be led by a disciplined party of Revolutionaries. |
|
|
Term
| Lenins two main rallying cries were... |
|
Definition
Peace, Bread, Land
&
All Power to the Soviets |
|
|
Term
| What happened on the 21'st April? |
|
Definition
| Lenin Failed to Incite a Mass Demonstration |
|
|
Term
| What happened on the 9 June? |
|
Definition
| Lenin Failed to incite a Mass Demonstration Again. |
|
|
Term
| On which two dates did Lenin try and fail to incite revolutions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3rd-6th July, Mass Demonstrations across Russia.
Started by troops at anti-government Rally.
500,000 people surrounded the palace waiting for direction.
Lenin failed to Exploit the Situation.
The P.G sent in loyal troops to disperse crowds,
and
500 BOLSHEVIKS were arrested. |
|
|
Term
| What impact did the July Days have on the Bolsheviks? |
|
Definition
Lenin had hoped to overthrow the Provisional Government.
Instead he United the Government and the Soviet.
Lenin was accused of being a traitor, and was forced to flee.
500 Bolsheviks were arrested.
Lenin feared he had missed his oppertunity to seize power. |
|
|
Term
| When did the Kornilov Affair take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did Kornilov send troops to Petrograd? |
|
Definition
| To try and forstall a left wing development like the July Days. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Provisional Governments Reaction to the Kornilov Affair? |
|
Definition
| Kerensky armed the Soviets and released the Bolsheviks. |
|
|
Term
| What was the long term effect of the Kornilov Affair? |
|
Definition
Kerensky and Government appear Weak.
Bolsheviks appear strong, 'defenders of the revolution'
Rise in support, 200,000 members.
Armed Soviets make up Red Guard. |
|
|
Term
| When were the Constitutional Assembly Elections due to take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why could the October Revolution not have happened without Lenin? |
|
Definition
| Lenin persuaded the Central Comitee of Bolsheviks to support an Armed Takeover. |
|
|
Term
| How many seats did each party have in the Soviet when the Bolsheviks took over? |
|
Definition
390 Bolsheviks
180 Social Revolutionaries
80 Mensheviks. |
|
|
Term
| Why was the October revolution successful? |
|
Definition
Kerensky armed the Soviets.
Lenin Convinved the Bolsheviks to take over.
Trotsky masterminded a smooth transition.
The Provisional Government had lost all of its support. |
|
|
Term
| Who went on strike as a result of the Bolshevik take over? |
|
Definition
| The Government Employees/ Civil Servants. |
|
|
Term
| Which 3 decrees did the Bolsheviks make shortly after gaining power? |
|
Definition
The Land Decree- all land to peasants.
The Peace Decree- Steps towards ending War.
New Government- Sovnarkom |
|
|
Term
| What happened to the Constituent Assembly? |
|
Definition
The Bolsheviks only recieved 1/4 of the votes.
The Assembly voted against being Sub-Servient to Sovnarkom.
Lenin used the Red Guards to Disperse the Assembly. |
|
|
Term
| When did Lenin make the Treaty of Brest-Litovosk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovosk? |
|
Definition
| Peace Treaty with Germany |
|
|
Term
| Name two reasons Lenin needed to end the War. |
|
Definition
It was unpopular- it had caused huge dislike for the P.G
He needed the Army to secure Bolshevik Support instead. |
|
|
Term
| What did Russia lose in the treaty? |
|
Definition
1/3 arable land
1/3 factories
1/4 railways
3/4 iron and coal mines
60 million people
The Baltic States, Poland Ukaraine |
|
|
Term
How many coal/iron mines did Russia lose as a result of the Brest Litovosk treaty?
How much Arable land did they lose?
How many factories did they lose?
How Many people did they lose?
Which countries did they lose? |
|
Definition
3/4
1/3
1/3
60million
Baltic States, Poland Ukraine |
|
|
Term
How important was the Cheka in securing Government Power?
|
|
Definition
| It ended strikes by Government Workers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Cheka would arrest anyone who criticized the Government. |
|
|
Term
| Which 4 policies did the Bolsheviks make when they came to power? |
|
Definition
Supreme Economic Council
Red Army
Ban of Kadets
End of all Foreign Debts |
|
|
Term
| What was State Capitalism? |
|
Definition
| Workers Controlled the Factories. |
|
|
Term
| What happened as a result of State Capitalism? |
|
Definition
| Industrial Production Slumped. |
|
|
Term
| What happened as a result of the Decree of Nationalisation? |
|
Definition
| 37000 large businesses Nationalised |
|
|
Term
| War Communism meant that... |
|
Definition
Private Trade banned.
Grain Surplusses Seized.
Money Replaced with Rationing.
Terror, Slave Labour, Seizure of Goods |
|
|
Term
| What was the posotive outcome of War Communism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the negative outcomes of war communism? |
|
Definition
1/2 of the working class dissapeared.
1921 Famine, = death of 1-2 million.
Peasant Resentment, and Uprisings. |
|
|
Term
| How many died as a result of War Communism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Lenin call an end to War Communism? |
|
Definition
| 1921 at the Tenth Party Congress |
|
|
Term
| Which Peasant Uprising Helped to Force the NEP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was a change needed from War Communism? |
|
Definition
| THe Russian Economy was in MELTDOWN |
|
|
Term
| What kind of Political Pressures did Lenin Face in regards to War Communsim? |
|
Definition
Unrest within the Bolshevik Party.
Growing Support for the Menshevik Party.
Workers Opposition Movement growing. |
|
|
Term
| Which rebellion helped to force the NEP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the main features of the NEP? |
|
Definition
Requisitioning of foord abandoned.
Peasants now had to supply a quota of grain, but could sell the rest.
Private Trading was allowed.
New Currency (Rouble) To combat inflation. |
|
|
Term
| How did Lenin stop the NEP from splitting the party? |
|
Definition
| Democratic Centralism- Banned Factions |
|
|
Term
| What was the immeadiate impact of the NEP? |
|
Definition
3/4 of trade was NEPMEN
Markets returned to Russia
FoodShortages Came to an End
Livestock and Cultivation increased.
Coal and Textiles doubled. |
|
|
Term
| By how much did the production of Coal increase under the NEP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was meant by the 'scissor crisis'? |
|
Definition
Industrial prices rose due to demand.
Agricultural prices fell to due availability.
People had to pay more when they were earning less. |
|
|
Term
| Why did some members of the Bolshevik Party dislike the NEP? |
|
Definition
| It was seen as Uncommunist. |
|
|
