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| Someone who uses specific criteria to evaluate reasoning, form position and make decisions and helps us develop and exhibit personal traits such as fair-mindedness and empathy. |
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| Three elements of an Argument |
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Definition
1. Issue: What we are arguing about and the question that is being addressed in the issue.
2. Conclusion: Position taken on the issue
3. Reasons: Statements that provide support to the conclusion |
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| What we are arguing about and the question that is being addressed in the issue |
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| Position taken on the issue |
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| Statements that provide support to the conclusion |
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| Direct Statements that provide evidence to support the claim |
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| Four Primary uses of logical Argumentation |
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Definition
1. Persuasion
2.Explanation
3.Discovery Analysis
4.Recording Inferences |
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| Getting someone to take an action or to change in what they believe in using complex and strong detail |
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| Teach new information; explain the why and how things occur |
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To get the truth and accuracy of info
less frequently used |
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| Making arguments with missing or implied parts leads to likely or reasonable conclusions |
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Claims (Conclusions)
Warrant
Reasons |
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| Statements of an individuals beliefs; same as a conclusion |
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| Those unstated but necessary links between reason and links. |
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| Evidence that supports warrants |
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| Ideals. standards, and principles you believe are important and consider worthy |
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| Beliefs about what is good and important that form the basis of an individual's opinion on issues. |
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| A set of standards to determine what is right and wrong |
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A system in which the behavior of someone does not affect the freedom of others.
Believe highest value is to promote individual liberty |
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| When behavior is ethical and promotes happiness to the fullest extent, and minimizes the amount of unhappiness. |
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| Believe highest value is equality. Justice and opportunities should be distributed equally |
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| Ideal values what you believe is right and good. Real values is what one considers to be right and good and is acted upon in real life |
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| Ethical principles that are considered to be self-evident to rational individuals of every culture. |
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| Implied beliefs about what is true and factual about the world; based on unique experience and education of the individual. |
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| Beliefs of a person that aren't directly stated; you can find hidden assumptions by closely examining what a person is saying and finding the underlying meaning of it |
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| What is true in a given situation, from cause to effect |
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| The argument of the conclusion that is supported by two premises; major premises, contains the term that is part of the conclusion and minor premises, which is the subject of the conclusion. |
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| When the correct deductive form is logical |
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| When the form is valid and content is true. |
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| If A then B (the subject of the syllogism) |
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| Expressed in an occurance of principle set in the major premise. |
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| A statement in which members of one class are said to be included in another class. |
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| Conditional/ Hypothetical Syllogism |
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| Contains at least one hypothetical (if then) premise. Asserting if first part (antecedent) is true, then second part (consequent) is also true. |
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A third form of the conditional argument
Ex. If A, then B.
If B, then C
Therefore, if A, then C. |
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Affirming the antecedent.
If A, then B.
A.
Therefore, B |
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Denying the consequent.
If A, then B.
Not B.
Therefore, not A |
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Definition
If one possibility is true, then the other possibility is false.
Either A or B.
Not B.
Therefore, A. |
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| Seeks to logically rule out various possibilities until only a single possibility remains |
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| A syllogism with a key part or parts implied rather than directly stated. |
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| Claims and reasons that need evidence |
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| Classifying people, places, or things according to common traits. |
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| Questioning the minor premise. |
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2 things being compared that are different
ex: apples and oranges |
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| Events occurred in a similar time period, one is seen as the cause of the other |
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Attacking the person
ex: the woman is not qualified for a position on city council because she is a homemaker |
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| Someone rationalizes that one person's or group's action is justified because some other groups action is just as bad |
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| If one event occurs other will follow; based on speculation |
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Exaggerate argument
ex: I dont believe in the death penalty
Then you think criminals should run the streets |
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| Making a claim without sufficient information to back it up |
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| Distract your attention by getting you on the defense, change the issue |
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| Appeal to authority; using prestige or respect of a supporter of an argument for acceptance or rejection of an argument. |
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| Jumping the bandwagon; because everyone's doing it, you should do it too. |
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| When something is supported because it's the way it's always been done; not looking for evidence to justify it. |
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appeal to pity
argument are those based on providing emotional excuses connected to extenuating circumstances to justify unacceptable behavior |
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[Appeal to newness]
arguments are those in which an item's status as new automatically makes it better than other such items. |
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Limited number of options
ex: either you are with the united states or your with the terrorists |
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Cant win either way
ex: Have you stopped beating your wife?
or prove to me i'm wrong! |
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| t doesn't make sense and has nothing to do with the conclusion |
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| Argument based on a person's reputation rather than the issue. |
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| Process of drawing generalizations from known facts or research to give strength and support to conclusions |
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| Gives you the propability for the conclusion, support that is not certain with the conlcusion, there are to many variables |
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| Data collected by polling and research studies that can be used to make statistical generalizations. |
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| Statistical Generalization |
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| Inferences drawn from statistical evidence that are used to give strength to inductive arguments. |
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| Generalizations that state a particular factor as responsible for a specific event. |
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| Highly controlled point toward more the future, make observations and draw conclusion |
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| Information from experts in a specific field. An expert is someone who has education, experience or both about the topic. |
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| Compare two like things. Used to strengthen inductive arguments |
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