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| A french theologian during the protestant reformation who developed Calvinism. |
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| A German astronomer who diverged from the old, geocentric, view of the universe with his view that the universe was heliocentric. |
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| Henry VIII’s adviser who anulled Henry’s marriage to Catherine and wrote the Book of Common Prayer. |
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| An English queen who returned England to Protestantism after Mary and passed the Second Act of Supremacy, and Act of Uniformity. |
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| An Italian astronomer who challenged the church with his discoveries that the universe wasn’t perfect and the earth wasn’t unique. He also discovered laws having to do with motion. |
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| An Italian patriot who was a central figure and leader in the Italian unification by raising an army and pacifying a few revolts. |
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| Known as Henry of Navarre before his ascent to kingship, he was the leader of the Huguenots who converted to Catholicism in order to be accepted by France. |
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| An English king who separated the Church of England from the papacy so he could divorce Catherine with the Act in Restraint of Appeals and the Act of Supremacy in 1534. |
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| Calvinists in France who constituted 40-50% of the nobility and fought the ultra-catholics in the French Religious Wars. |
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| A pope who issued indulgences in exchange for help building Saint Peter’s Basilica. He mostly ignored Luther aside from excomunicating him, and this helped lead to Luther’s success. |
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| An English philosopher and Enlightenment thinker who believed that people were inherently good and that the government was meant to protect their life, liberty, and property. |
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| The Sun king of France who built Versailles and issued the Edict of Fontainebleau. |
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| A Constitutional monarchist ruler of France who tried to initiate a counter-revolution by fleeing the country with his wife. He was found guilty of treason and executed in 1793. |
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| President of the second French republic. When he became Napoleon III, he was the ruler of the second French Empire. |
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| He became king of France in 1830 during the July Monarchy. An economic crisis under his rule lead to the 1848 revolutions and his abdication. |
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| A German monk who started the Protestant Reformation with his 95 theses in 1517. |
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| An Austrian prince who upheld conservative ideas and kept revolutions at bay by proposing the principal of intervention and having many spies who watched out for nationalist or liberal plots. |
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| After working his way up through the millitary and participating in a coup, he crowned himself emperor of France in 1804 and conquered a significant portion of Europe before his defeat by the Russians and British. |
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| An english physicist, mathematician, and astronomer who set out three Laws of Motion and the Universal Law of Gravitation. |
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| French thinkers of the enlightenment who who criticized the faults of society, supported tolerance, and distrusted organized religion and feudal institutions. |
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| A French lawyer and radical who dominated the Comitte of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror and was eventuallly executed. |
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| A Genevan polymath who was known for his political writing and ideas of a social contract and general will. |
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| A French philosophe who strongly advocated freedom of religion and religious toleration. He also favored enlightened despotism. |
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| King and Queen of England who were unable to become absolute monarchs due to the Bill of Rights. They also passed the Toleration Act. |
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| A German composer who tried to include all of the arts in his operas and was known for the concept of the leitmotif. |
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| A British commander who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. |
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| Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland who favored many, but not all, of Luther’s ideas. |
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