eu

Good, normal Example: Euthyroid: A state in which the thyroid gland functions normally, producing the right levels of thyroid hormones necessary for metabolism and growth.

hyper

Above, excessive Example: Hyperthyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and nervousness.

hypo

Below, under, deficient Example: Hypoglycemia: A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms such as dizziness, shakiness, and confusion.

oxy

Rapid, sharp, acid Example: Oxytocin: A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk during breastfeeding.

pan

All, total Example: Panhypopituitarism: A condition in which the pituitary gland fails to produce or secretes all of its hormones, leading to a wide range of endocrine dysfunctions.

para

Around, beside, beyond, abnormal Example: Parathyroid: Small glands located beside the thyroid gland, responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.

poly

Many or much Example: Polyuria: Excessive urination, a common symptom of diabetes mellitus due to high blood sugar levels affecting kidney function.

syn

Joined, together Example: Synergistic hormones: Hormones that work together to amplify their effects, such as insulin and growth hormone in promoting cell growth.

tetr 

Four Example: Tetralogy of Fallot: A condition involving four congenital heart defects that may indirectly affect endocrine function due to oxygenation issues.

tri

Three Example: Triiodothyronine (T3): A thyroid hormone that contains three iodine atoms and plays a critical role in regulating metabolism and energy levels.

drome

Run, running together Example: Syndrome: A group of symptoms or signs that occur together, such as Cushing’s syndrome, which results from excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands.

ectomy

• Excision, cut out Example: Thyroidectomy: Surgical removal of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat conditions such as hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, or goiters.

emia

Condition of the blood Example: Hyperglycemia: High levels of glucose in the blood, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus and requiring careful monitoring and management.

ism

State of Example: Hypothyroidism: A state of underactive thyroid function, resulting in reduced production of thyroid hormones and symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

itis

Inflammation Example: Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland, which may result from autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or infections.

logist

Specialist who studies and treats Example: Endocrinologist: A medical specialist who studies and treats disorders of the endocrine system, such as diabetes, thyroid diseases, and hormonal imbalances.

logy

Study of Example: Endocrinology: The study of the endocrine system, including the glands, hormones, and their related diseases.

megaly

 Enlarged, enlargement Example: Acromegaly: Abnormal enlargement of extremities caused by excessive growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland in adulthood.

oid

Example: Adrenoid: Resembling the adrenal glands in shape or function, possibly used in anatomical studies or to describe tissue with adrenal-like characteristics.

oma

Example: Insulinoma: A tumor of the pancreas that produces excessive amounts of insulin, often leading to episodes of hypoglycemia.

pathy

Disease Example: Adenopathy: A disease or enlargement of glandular tissue, such as in swollen lymph nodes or glandular dysfunction in the endocrine system.

plasia

 Condition of, formation, development, growth Example: Hyperplasia: Excessive growth or formation of cells within an endocrine gland, such as adrenal hyperplasia, which can affect hormone production.

tomy

Incision, cut into Example: Adrenalotomy: A surgical incision into the adrenal gland, often performed to remove a tumor or investigate gland abnormalities.

aden

Gland Example Adenoma: A benign tumor of an endocrine gland, such as a pituitary adenoma, which can affect hormone production and cause symptoms like vision problems or hormonal imbalances.

adren/o, adrenal/o

Adrenal glands Example Adrenalectomy: Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands, often performed to treat adrenal tumors or excessive hormone secretion.

calc/i

Calcium Example Hypercalcemia: An elevated level of calcium in the blood, often caused by overactivity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism).

cortic/o

Cortex, outer layer of a body organ Example Corticosteroids: Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, such as cortisol, which play roles in stress response, immune regulation, and metabolism.

dips/o

Thirst Example Polydipsia: Excessive thirst, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus due to hormonal imbalances affecting water regulation.

endocrin 

Endocrine Example Endocrinopathy: A disease or disorder affecting the endocrine system, including the glands and hormones that regulate bodily functions.

glyc/o

Endocrine Example Endocrinopathy: A disease or disorder affecting the endocrine system, including the glands and hormones that regulate bodily functions.

home/o

Sameness Example Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body, such as balanced hormone levels to regulate metabolism and growth.

kal/i

Potassium Example Hypokalemia: A condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood, which can result from adrenal dysfunction such as hyperaldosteronism.

myx/o

Mucus Example Myxedema: Severe hypothyroidism characterized by swelling and deposits of mucus-like substances in the skin, often affecting the face and extremities.

natr/o

Sodium Example Hyponatremia: A condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood, which can result from hormonal imbalances such as adrenal insufficiency.

parathyroid/o

Parathyroid gland Example Parathyroidectomy: Surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands, often performed to treat hyperparathyroidism and manage calcium imbalances.

pituitar/o

Pituitary gland Example Pituitarism: Any disorder of the pituitary gland, such as hypopituitarism, which results in decreased hormone production and widespread endocrine effects.

somat/o

Body Example Somatotropin: A growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates body growth and cell reproduction.

thyr/o

Thyroid gland Example Thyrotoxicosis: A condition caused by excessive thyroid hormone levels, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and tremors.

a

Absence of, without Example Azoospermia: The absence of sperm in semen, which can cause male infertility and may result from blockages or testicular failure.

an

Absence of, without Example Anovulation: The absence of ovulation, often leading to infertility and irregular menstrual cycles, commonly caused by hormonal imbalances or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

dys

Painful, difficult Example Dysmenorrhea – Painful menstrual cramps, often caused by uterine contractions or underlying conditions like endometriosis.

endo

Within Example Endometritis: Inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium), often caused by infection or retained tissue after childbirth or miscarriage.

epi

Above Example Epidural: Pertaining to the area upon or above the dura mater of the spinal cord, commonly referring to a type of anesthesia used during childbirth to provide pain relief while allowing the patient to remain awake and alert.

Above, excessive Example Hypergonadism: A condition characterized by excessive activity of the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females), leading to overproduction of sex hormones, which can result in early puberty, menstrual irregularities, or fertility issues.

hypo

Below Example Hypogonadism: Reduced function of the gonads (testes or ovaries), leading to decreased hormone production and issues like infertility or delayed puberty.

oligo

Small amount Example Oligospermia: A condition characterized by a low sperm count in semen, often contributing to male infertility.

par

Near Example Parovarian cyst: A fluid-filled cyst near the ovary, usually arising from the remnants of embryonic structures.

peri

Surrounding Example: Perimetrium: The outermost layer of the uterus, surrounding the uterine wall and providing structural support.

trans

through, across, beyond Example Transvaginal ultrasound: An imaging procedure where a probe is inserted through the vaginal canal to obtain detailed images of reproductive organs like the uterus and ovaries.

al

Pertaining to Example Vaginal: Pertaining to the vagina, as in vaginal delivery, which refers to childbirth through the birth canal.

algia

Pain Example Orchidalgia: Pain in one or both testicles. The pain can vary from mild discomfort to severe and may be acute (sudden) or chronic (lasting for a longer time).

AR

Pertaining to Example Seminiferous: Pertaining to the production of semen, such as in seminiferous tubules found in the testes.

atresia

Occlusion, closure Example Vaginal atresia: Congenital closure or absence of the vaginal canal, which may require surgical correction.

cision

Process of cutting Example Incision: A surgical cut made during procedures, such as a cesarean section (C-section).

Surgical closure Example Colpocleisis: Surgical closure of the vaginal canal, often performed to treat uterine prolapse in elderly patients who are not sexually active.

ectomy

Excision or surgical removal Example Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus, commonly performed to treat fibroids, cancer, or severe uterine bleeding.

genesis

Beginning, development, or production Example Spermatogenesis: The production and development of sperm in the testes.

gram

Record Example Hysterosalpingogram: A radiographic image of the uterus and fallopian tubes, used to assess fertility or detect blockages.

graphy

Record Example Hysterosalpingogram: A radiographic image of the uterus and fallopian tubes, used to assess fertility or detect blockages.

ia

Diseased state, abnormal state, condition of Example Amenorrhea: The absence of menstrual periods, which can result from hormonal imbalances or other medical conditions.

ic

Pertaining to Example Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis, as in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the reproductive organs.

ism

State of, condition Example Cryptorchidism: A condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, often requiring surgical correction.

itis

Inflammation Example Endometritis: Inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus, often caused by infection or retained tissue after childbirth.

logy

Study of Example Gynecology: The study of the female reproductive system, including its disorders and diseases.

lysis

Loosening, dissolution, separating Example Adhesiolysis: The surgical removal of adhesions, which are bands of scar tissue that can form in the pelvic region and affect fertility.

oma

tumor, mass Example Teratoma: A type of tumor composed of tissues from different germ layers, often found in the ovaries or testes.

ous

Pertaining to Example Gravidous: Pertaining to pregnancy, often used in terms like multigravidous (having had multiple pregnancies).

pathy

Disease Example Endometriopathy: Disease of the endometrium, which may lead to abnormal uterine bleeding or infertility.

pexy

Surgical fixation, suspension Example Oophoropexy: Surgical fixation of an ovary, often performed to prevent ovarian torsion.

plasia

Development, growth Example Hyperplasia: Excessive growth of cells, such as endometrial hyperplasia, which can increase the risk of uterine cancer.

plasty

Surgical repair Example Vaginoplasty: Surgical repair or reconstruction of the vagina, often performed for congenital abnormalities or after trauma.

rrhagia

Rapid flow of blood Example Menorrhagia: Excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding, which may result from uterine fibroids or hormonal imbalances.

rraphy

Suturing, repairing Example Perineorrhaphy: Surgical suturing of the perineum, often performed after childbirth to repair tears.

rrhea

Flow, discharge Example Leukorrhea: A white or yellowish vaginal discharge, often indicating an infection or hormonal changes.

stomy

Creation of a new opening Example Colpostomy: The surgical creation of an opening in the vaginal wall to drain fluid or provide access for treatment.

tomy

Creation of a new opening Example Colpostomy: The surgical creation of an opening in the vaginal wall to drain fluid or provide access for treatment.

andr/o

Male Example Androgen: A group of male sex hormones, including testosterone, responsible for the development of male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. Androgens also play roles in libido, bone density, and reproductive health in both males and females.

arch/o

First, beginning Example Menarche: The first occurrence of menstruation, marking the onset of reproductive capability in females.

balan/o

Glans penis Example Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis, often caused by poor hygiene, infections, or irritants.

cervic/o

Cervix Example Cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix, often caused by infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.

colp/o

Vagina Example Colposcopy: A visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a specialized magnifying instrument to detect abnormalities.

crypt/o

Hidden Example Cryptomenorrhea: A condition where menstrual blood is produced but cannot exit the body due to an obstruction, most commonly an imperforate hymen. It causes pelvic pain without visible menstruation and typically requires a minor surgical procedure to restore normal menstrual flow.

endometri/o

Endometrium Example Endometriosis: A condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain, heavy periods, and potential infertility.

epididym/o

Epididymis Example Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm.

episi/o

Epididymis Example Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm.

gonad/o

Gonad Example The surgical removal of the gonads (testes in males or ovaries in females). This procedure is performed to treat conditions such as gonadal cancer, hormone-sensitive cancers like breast or prostate cancer, or as part of gender-affirming surgeries.

gyn/o

Woman Example Gynecomastia: A condition in males characterized by the enlargement of breast tissue, giving a female-like appearance. It is often caused by hormonal imbalances, medications, or underlying health conditions and can occur during puberty or in adulthood.

hermat/o

Blood Example Hematosalpinx: The presence of blood in the fallopian tube, often associated with ectopic pregnancy or trauma.

hymen/o

Hymen Example Hymenotomy: A surgical procedure to remove or open the hymen, often performed to address issues like imperforate hymen.

hyster

Uterus Example Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus, often performed to treat fibroids, uterine cancer, or severe bleeding.

leuk

White Example Leukoplakia: The formation of white patches on mucous membranes, such as the vulva in reproductive health. Vulvar leukoplakia can cause discomfort and may sometimes be precancerous, requiring further medical evaluation.

mamm/o,mast/o

Breast Example Mammogram: An X-ray image of the breast used to screen for abnormalities such as lumps or tumors.

men/o

Menstruation Example Menopause: The cessation of menstruation, marking the end of reproductive capability in women.

metr/i

Uterus Example Metritis: Inflammation of the uterus, often caused by infections following childbirth or miscarriage.

oophor/o

Ovary Example Oophorectomy: Surgical removal of one or both ovaries, often performed to treat ovarian cancer or cysts.

orch/o , orchi/o

Testis, testicle Example: Orchiectomy – Surgical removal of one or both testicles, often performed to treat testicular cancer.

amn

Amniocentesis

• A diagnostic procedure in which a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac to collect amniotic fluid, often used to detect chromosomal abnormalities or infections during pregnancy.

bv

Bacterial Vaginosis

• A common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance in the natural bacteria of the vagina, often resulting in unusual discharge, odor, and irritation.

c-section

Cesarean Section

• A surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions made in the abdomen and uterus, often performed when a vaginal delivery is unsafe.

hrt

Hormone Replacement Therapy

• A treatment involving supplemental hormones, typically estrogen and/or progesterone, used to alleviate symptoms of menopause or hormonal imbalances.

hpv

Hysteroscopy

• A minimally invasive procedure in which a thin, lighted scope is inserted into the uterus through the vagina to examine the uterine cavity and treat abnormalities.

iud

Hysteroscopy

• A minimally invasive procedure in which a thin, lighted scope is inserted into the uterus through the vagina to examine the uterine cavity and treat abnormalities.

nicu

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

• A specialized unit in a hospital that provides intensive care to premature or critically ill newborns.

pid

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

• An infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria, which can lead to infertility if untreated.

pms

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

• An infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria, which can lead to infertility if untreated.

stis,stds

Sexually Transmitted Infections or Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• Infections transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.