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| defender of Rome according to legend |
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| developed from a monarchy into a republic |
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| incorporated Roman legends into his historical accounts |
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| could improve their status through loyalty to Rome |
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| Roman Imperialism included |
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| diplomatic moves, opportunism, persistence, fortification, roads and military support |
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| responsible for leading the Roman army into battle and administering the government |
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| responsible for leading the Roman army into battle and execution of justice |
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| 300 member chosen for life |
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| allowed Roman army to have political significance, assured a majority for its richest members, elected chicf magistrates and passed legislation, created to deal with conflict between two major social groups of Rome and was essentially the army in a political role. |
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| aristrocratic governing class |
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| less privileged, poorer and more vulnerable than the Patricians |
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| class system problems; became less of a problem when law passed allowing intermarriage between members of the two orders |
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| Rome and Carthage both saw Sicily as their domain |
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| started when Rome instigated anti-Carthaginian revolt in Spain, Hannibal invaded Italy from the North, won by Romans, Rome gained control of Spain and Western Med. |
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| Carthage became Roman territory |
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| Rome's first Asian Province |
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| provided by the king of Pergamum |
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| Roman imperial Expansion prior to 100 BCE |
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| involvement in an ultimate seizure of Hellenistic kingdoms in Eastern Mediterranean |
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| self-interested large landowners; used wealth, patronage and intimidation to acquire and maintain power |
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| new system of military recruitment; made soldiers loyal to their general and not to the senate |
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| murdered his political opponents; tried to restore authority of the Senate by force |
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| could all be killed if one of their fellow slaves murdered their master; many massive rebellions |
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| Roman general who came back from Spain a military hero in 71 B.C.E. |
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| Roman Military Commanders |
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| became deeply involved in politics after 133 B.C.E.; suffered a major defeat in the battle of the Teutoburg Forest |
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| member of 1st Triumvirate; defeated Pompey's army; dictator (then dictator for life); gave land to the poor; weakened power of the Senate; assassinated so that Republic might be restored |
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| Sequence of events leading to the end of the Republic |
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| Crassus killed in battle- Caesar defeated Pompey and was later assainated-Octavian defeated Antony-Antony committed suicide-Octavian attained sole power and named Augustus |
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| formed by Octavian to protect him and his successors |
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| Roman citizens of good standing and possessing property valued at more than 400,000 sesterces qualified for membership |
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| Examples of Augustus' efforts to improve Rome's social conitions |
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| criminalized adultery; increased taxes on adults without children; tax laws which adversely affected families with fewer than 3 children |
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| emperors assumed more and more of the responsibilities which Augustus had given to the Senate; acted more openly as real rulers; more opportunities for arbitrary rule and corruption |
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| during their reigns, the range of areas affected by their policies was increased |
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| as time went on, more provincial inhabitants were included |
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| larger gap grew between them as Rome became more prosperous |
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| prose form was greatly influenced by oratorical practices |
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| greatest prose writer of the Late Republic |
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| Roman Architectural accomplishments included |
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| massive buildings, harbors, roads, aqueducts and bridges |
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| Foundation of Roman law was |
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| rationally based natural law |
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| its authority decreased as Rome progressed from Republic to Empire |
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| led to construction of large ampitheaters; required enormous resources; deemed vital by the government because they distracted the masses |
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| implementation of rituals by state priests; worshipped many officially recognized gods |
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| Religious groups included |
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| mystery religions and a small number of JEws and Christians by the late 1st Century C.E. |
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| existed among the Jewish population of Judea |
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| basic message was that people should love God and one another |
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| Roman authorities saw him as a threat; conservative religious leaders saw him as a threat to traditional Judaism |
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| Key figure in spreading Christianity beyond the Jewish community |
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| contained in the written gospels |
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| Roman view toward Christianity |
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| worsened becaue Christians rejected Roman religious practices |
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| Keys to successful spread of Christinity |
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| promise of salvation; simplicity of initiaion; new meaning it gave to life; people's "belonging" toa community |
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| some signs were series of civil wars and barbarian invasions; agricultural and economic deterioration; weakening of Roman armies that employed barbarians; ongoing military chaos 235-284 C.E. |
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| tried to save the empire by dividing it into four adminstrative units |
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| redirected energy eastward to new, second capital |
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| Role of Diocletian and Constantine |
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| they both exerted a lot of controland pressure and temporarily shored up the Empire |
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| happened faster in the west than in the east |
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