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| lower class of ancient Roman society |
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| upper class of ancient Roman society |
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| highest elected political office of the Roman Republic |
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| Dictator (in context of the Roman Republic) |
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| an extraordinary magistrate with the absolute authority to perform tasks beyond the authority of the ordinary magistrate |
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| an annually elected magistrate of the ancient Roman Republic |
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| assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution |
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| a Roman office having civil authority over provisioning public works, street traffic and cleaning, and games |
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| an official elected by the plebeians to protect their interests |
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| any of several public officials of ancient Rome (usually in charge of finance and administration) |
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| ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law |
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| Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama |
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| fought between Rome and Carthage to est. dominance in W Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts |
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| the Roman peace; the long period of peace enforced on states in the Roman Empire |
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| the male head of family or tribe |
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| a large apartment building where the lower and middle classes of Romans dwelled; the floor at ground level was used for shops and businesses with living space on the higher floors |
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| most notable leader of the slaves in the Third Servile War |
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| Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collections |
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| a general and progressive increase in prices |
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| a letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire |
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| Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; est. 2nd capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually |
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| the last emperor of a united Roman Empire, he took control of the eastern empire and ended the war with the Visigoths; he became a Christian and in 391 banned all forms of pagan worship (346-395) |
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| prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah |
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| disciple of Jesus and leader of the Apostles; regarded by Catholics as the vicar of Christ on earth and first Pope |
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| one of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents to the new religion follow Jewish law |
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| a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries; a political orientation that advocates imperial interests; any instance of aggressive extension of authority |
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| the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole |
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| Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians |
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| Consuls of the First Triumvirate |
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| Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar |
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| Nerva, Traian, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius |
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| 3 reasons the Romans maintained an effective empire for so long |
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1. a good sense of pride and commitment to tradition
2. good diplomats
3. effective militaristically
4. pragmatic politically |
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| Ancestral peoples of Romans |
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| Reasons for the collapse of the Roman Empire |
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1. population decline
2. difficulties in recruiting effective armies
3. tax collection became difficult as citizens became poor
4. citizens had no more desires so they were less active or striving for excellence like the Greeks |
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| Byzantine empire: origins |
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1. Constantinople
-Greek scholarship
-economic development |
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1. reconquering W.
2. Theodora
3. Hagia Sofia |
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| Arab Pressure and the Empire's Defenses |
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1. Persians become arch foe
2. Islam/Muslim Empires
-Naval force
-control of E. Mediterranean
-high taxation
-weakening of small farmers
-political/social instability |
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| Split in Christianity- Schism |
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1. cultures, politics, and economic orientation
2. different rituals
3. Pope of Rome vs. Emperor of Constantinople |
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1. Turks became Islamic - Seljuk Turks - threat
2. Battle of Manzikert
-loss of Asiatic provinces
3. Balkans
4. Constantinople sacked
5. Russia
-Kiev=new Rome |
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| Generals who ruled during Hellenistic Age |
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1. Ptolemy: Egypt
2. Seleucus: India/the East
3. Antigonus: trans-Jordan region |
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| Roman Emperor Octavian's defeat of Anthony and Cleopatra or rise of Roman civilization |
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| General shift from Hellenistic to Roman philosophy? |
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| become more individualistic |
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| Socrates, Aristotle, Plato |
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| a rhetorician; teacher; met Socrates; founded a school of "cynics" |
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| human dignity is independent of human laws and customs |
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| self-control/independence |
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| accepted the pleasure of the moment; self-mastery and the philosophic life; enjoyment of stable pleasures |
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| makes universal/catholic church |
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| Christianity stemmed from |
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| why did Jesus acquire a following? who was he? |
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| he was Jewish himself; the earthly Messiah |
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| first time people got together to decide the foundations of Christianity |
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1. mourners...comforted
2. hunger and thirst after righteousness...be filled
3. poor in spirit...kingdom of heaven
4. persecuted for seeking righteousness...kingdom of heaven
5. meek...inherit the earth
6. merciful...mercy
7. pure of heart...see God.
8. peacemaker...sons of God |
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| teachings and life of Jesus books? |
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| Gospel of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John |
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| characteristics of a Christian |
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| love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control |
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| Two major parts of the Bible |
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| Apostle Paul's and other's letters |
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| form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote |
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| made upp of 2 consuls, 2 praetors, and officials |
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| golden age of Latin literature |
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| the Roman masses being distracted from serious political issues by free grain |
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| Diocletian did what to the Roman Empire? |
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| divided it into four units, each with its own ruler |
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| first invaders to sack Rome |
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| early development of Rome was influenced by |
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| the emoeror kept the poverty-stricken masses pacified by |
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| giving them free grain and entertainment at a grand scale |
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| gradually lost power over the course of Roman history |
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| political and military reforms of Diocletian and Constantine |
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| greatly enhanced the army and civil service institutions, but drained most of the public funds |
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