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| Public officers responsible for the maintenance of public buildings and the regulation of public festivals. 2 plebeian, 2 curule |
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| Based on wealth/class; people were organized by wealth into 193 servian centuries. Became an elective body in the Republic and functioned as a legislative body; all citizens were involved in this vote: they voted Consuls( Dictators in Emergencies), praetors (2-8), and censors; it was a big deal. |
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| An archaic assembly; people organized into 30 curiae, each had 1 vote; they give authority to the consuls once elected. |
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| Made up of 35 tribes; 4 in the city, 16 areas lying just outside the city limits and 15 beyond that. Made it difficult for farmers and poorer people to have any say as they had to travel to Rome to vote. They elected curile aediles (?) quaestors |
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| Responsible for the census; oversaw public morality and some govt finances Also in charge of delegating who gets to be in which tribe, and where people can live |
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| Only Plebeian counsel; functioned as a legislative assembly; elected tribunes plebeian aediles, and established some legislation, called Plebiscites. |
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| The highest elected political office; 2 consuls were selected together and served for 1 year; they had veto power over each other |
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| If a consul died/resigned another was chosen to finish the term |
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| meeting, not a formal assembly; used to introduce legislation before it was voted on or discuss an issue; Public gathering in Rome |
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| Group of elected “clan leaders” who were responsible for ratifying kings, granting imperium, were later replaced with lictors |
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| the head of a given tribe and leaders of local cult; part of an assembly of other curiones; some of the first consus had to go to them in order to be given in religious ceremony power to rule. l |
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| a commission of ten men to write up a code of law defining the principles of Roman administration; during the decemviri's term in office, all other magistracies would be suspended, and their decisions were not subject to appeal. |
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| Appointed in times of emergencies by consuls and the senate; they served for 6-months or less (at least until the crisis was over) |
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| Like judges; praetor urbanus judged citizen cases and praetor peregrinus judged foreign cases |
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| Administrative position, had to deal with the treasury/finances |
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| A temporary ruler between kings |
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| Senate (patres et conscripti) |
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| Government body that didn’t pass laws, but gave advice that most people followed. They were generally made up of former members of the various comitiae. |
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| Heads of old Latin families (included the curiones) |
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| Elected members of the Senate (added by the Tarquins?) |
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| “Public thing;” constitutional govt based on law |
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| Military tribunes with consular authority |
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| Tribuni plebis (and their powers) |
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| Tribune of the Plebeians; defended non-Patricians in cases/disputes |
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| Public land, was often acquired from enemies after defeat; there was a lot of conflict about to whom it actually belonged (the rich or the poor?) |
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| civitas optimo iure (full citizenship) |
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| Full Roman citizenship, including right to vote |
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| Half-Roman citizenship; had all the rights of a Roman citizen except the right to vote |
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| “raven,” made a sea battle into a land battle: A bridge like connection that would link the two ships so that the soldiers could cross and defeat their enemy; |
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| Sequence of public offices; designed for men of senatorial rank, was a mixture of military and political ranks (quaestor - aedile - praetor -consul - censor) |
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| The practice of conquering another people before they become too powerful and threatening toward the State. suggested by Polybius. |
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| Horsemen or knights, eventually became a social class - the equestrian class, an aristocratic class just below patricians. Often chose not to take part in politics. One of the upper centuries. |
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| extortion courts (quaestio de rebus repetundae) |
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| Landowners who levied too high a tax were judged by these courts. Courts for the purpose of “getting things back” |
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| gods smile upon public business |
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| “free day” or vacation; no one had to work on these days, not even slaves |
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| taboos of religion, or a day you are not allowed to do public business |
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| bundle of wooden sticks, symbolized power and imperium, born by the lictors (bodyguards of consuls) |
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| supreme authority and power to command an army and to act in the name of the state in other affairs as well |
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| veto power, only the dictator could not be vetoed |
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| the granting of imperium to an individual |
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| Peoples conquered by Rome but left to govern themselves - had either full or partial Roman citizenship and were given responsibilities such as taxes and military assistance to Rome |
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| wealthy and powerful political people regardless of their background (either patrician or plebian) |
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| a new consul who was without consuls in his ancestry |
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| male head of Roman family - had almost absolute power in his familia; life and death decisions could be made by him; especially in the early Republic |
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| Originally, those who were part of the original Roman state, very old families, perhaps wealthy. Later, consulship in family but not tribune office. |
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| newcomers, perhaps wealthy; later: family once held tribune office |
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| “Peace of the Gods,” goal of Roman religion |
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| Law enacted by the Council of the Plebians |
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| “Peace of the Gods,” goal of Roman religion; Roman values, the Mos Maiorum (custons/traditions of the ancestors) |
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| comes from Latin, meaning a place to be conquered; the first foreign (non-Italian) province was Sicily, after 1st Punic War, followed shortly by annexation of Corsica/Sardinia. An area under direct Roman control. |
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| governors (praetors or promagistrates), jurisdiction, legati |
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| appointed people taken to help officials in provinces) |
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| Assessed taxes in provinces |
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| civitates foderatae, liberae et immunes, stipendaria |
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| types of provincial communities; Often ruled by propraetor (once had praetor office) and promagistrates in general (those who once held an office and had that imperium extended who have been sent out to take care of an army or area). |
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| The tax collectors, public contractors that supplied the legions, managed the collection of port duties, and oversaw public projects |
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| The right to appeal the decision of a magistrate |
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| from Lex Valeria Horatia ; meant that Tribunes of the Plebs were sacrosanct - they could not be touched - the whole body of plebeians was obliged to protect them from violence, and could kill with impunity any who should violate the person of the Tribune of the Plebs |
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| 494 B.C. - secession of the Plebs - Plebs abandoned the city and left the patricians to function without them. This nearly shut down all shops, workshops, and commercial transactions. It was an effective strategy in the struggle of the orders. Happened multiple times. |
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| Reorganization of govt and military under Servius (one of the kings) - he created the comitia centuriata and enacted a census; Timocracy established, whereby army was divided into classes according to one’s wealth and ability to supply himself with the necessities of war; also effected voting rights, to the disenfranchisement of the poorer voters |
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| Allies of the state; some were granted full citizenship and the right to vote while others did not |
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| rule by the rich, many positions in govt were only open to those with wealth, status or land thus only a small percent of the population had any say in the govt; it was important because it allowed the rich to participate in politics, as well as keep the poor man down. |
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| Claudius Caecus's road to Campania; Was created to assist in military endeavors during the expansion phase, a way to send supplies to their armies; |
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