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| Imperial COuncil of Augustus, rotating members of Senate |
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| Alternate Consuls who serve out termof regular consuls, made so Augustus could have more power of them, begins 5 BC |
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| Right to name magistrates well ahead of their term, begins 5 AD |
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| Public treasury used for works projects etc, separate from FISCUS Augustus' private account and also separate from aerarium MIlitare- AD 6 used to pay for soldier's disability pensions and regular retirement pensions |
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| 22 BC, sent TIberius to fight and retrieve the standards, Signis Receptis and portrayed in the Prima Porta statue in the Augustan Forum ( I think) |
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| Imperial post used to send quick messages |
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| Lex Julia/ Lex Papia Poppea |
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Julia: 18 BC adultery is public crime, esp. hard on wives, had to banish daughter and granddaughter for being adulterous
Poppea: AD 9- CREATED restrictions on freedmen marrying freeborn or higher class, rewarded people financially who had many children, punished those with no children |
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| Two praetorian prefects who took control of Rome for Tiberius while he exiles himself in Capri. Sejanus executed for treason and Macro kills Tiberius w/ Caligula |
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| Praetorian prefect of Nero's, his advisor bc Nero was mad young |
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| Tutor of Nero's, advisor, forced to commit suicide after the Pisonian conspiracy |
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| Faenius Rufus & Tigellinus |
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| Prefects of Praetorian guard, also executed by Nero by virtue of the Pisonian conspiracy. Tigellinus was able to survive but later commited suicide during year of 4 emps |
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| July 18th 64 AD, set fire to lots of houses in city, Nero helped rebuild after and started constructing his lavish palace. He actually helped despite terrible historical myths surrounding it. |
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Revolts in Gaul, Vindex
Revolts in Spain, Galba |
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| Proved that Nero's taxes were too much to handle in the provinces, empire could not sustain his lavish spending. Served to kick Nero out of imp. and began the year of the 4 emperors. |
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| Year of the Four Emperors |
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69 AD, After Nero was booted, Galba, Vitellius, Otho.
-Caused a lot of turmoil and enabled rebellions in places like Judea and Batavia bc Rome seemed weak. First civil war in 100 years.
Vespasian came out on top with support of the military, had to march on Rome to take control, but then founded a peaceful dynasty. |
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| Lex De Imperio Vespasiano |
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| January, 70 AD, Only law granting princeps power. Established stability from getgo as he sought to clarify and limit his powers rather than lavishly take them. Derived powers from Senate. However, allowed him to act ABOVE the law. |
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| 70, Sack of Jerusalem, Masada 73. Led armies under/ with father Vespasian. |
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| 81-96, Title of "Lord and God" that Domitian demanded from his subjects. Made him super unpopular. Wore triumphal robe |
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| 96 AD, happened when Domitian died, all memory publicly wiped from State statues and history. Also used on Geta (brother of Caracalla) and Maximian in 311 when he was captured and forced to commit suicide. |
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| Ordo Decurionum, Decuriones |
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| Duoviri, quinquennial duoviri, aediles |
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| 2 annual town consuls, 5yr censors, annual local aedile |
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| Gifts to towns/cities by local aristocrats in form of shows buildings, public works, etc |
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| Freedmen overseeing imperial cults |
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| Old fuck appointed by Senate to rule in 96-98, adopts Trajan |
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| Letters to Pliny in Bythnia |
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| 110 AD, showed how much Trajan cared about provincial matters |
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Trajan did this
Congaria: gifts of money to Roman citizens (payed for by Dacian conquest)
Alimenta: low interest loans given out to help the children get educated and get full. |
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101-102, 105-106. Trajan goes to Dacia and defeats them. Gets mad loot, extends empire to its absolute grandest.
Column of Trajan built to honor this time period. (lavish building programs) |
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| 117-138 Hadrian's Legal reforms: Edicts are laws legally binding made by emp, responsa are the jurors interpretation of those laws. Hadrian essentially just codified what was already in practice. |
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| 122 AD, built by Hadrian to protect northern border in Britain |
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| Marcomanni and Sarmatian Invasions |
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| 168-175, during reign of Marcus Aureliius. Proved Germans were to be feared. Honored with the Column of Marcus Aurelius. He laso co-ruled with son Lucius Verus from 161-169 |
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| notions of wisdom, piety, virtue, justice; rule of “best man” |
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| Cult to honor current emperors and deceased yet deified emperors. Divus (deified mortal) vs. Deus (god) Apotheosis of human to deified state |
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| Ascended in 193 AD, began Severan Dynasty, soldier emperor. Allowed freedmen to marry freeborn, soldiers could marry natives and settle. Invades Caledonia and dies at York in 211 |
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| Honestiores and Humilores |
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Social divisions created during Severan Dynasty to separate citizens not on lines of pleb and partician, dimineshed importance of citizenship.
Honest. - more honest, anyone directly helping the State, equites, senators, soldiers
Humiliores- more humble,poor, low; farmers, low clergy, landless, subject to torture etc. |
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| 212, Caracalla, Extends citizenship throughout entire empire. actually not that big of a deal. Made ppl add Caracalla to their name |
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| 217, Caracalla's praetorian prefect. First Equite to become Roman Emperor after Caracalla was murdered. |
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| Sun god from ancient rome, meant to reward virtue, promised happy afterlife, emotion, feeling and fervor rather than ritual |
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| Possibly Eastern god who came from Greece, birthday on the 25th of december. Associated with Mithras, and obscured by associations with El Gabal, Syrian sun-god. Repped hard by Aurelian in 274 AD |
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| Syrian sun-god, monothoesitic, worshipped a myestrious black stone that was brought to Rome. Fertility in life, fight against the dark. Chief priest was living incarnation of god and trangendered |
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God of light and virtue, promised happiness in death. Becomes popular with Roman army in 2nd cent ad. Persian god, worshipped in underground temples, only men in cult. Kills bull in pictures. Middleman between sun-god and earth.
all cults talk of immortality of soul and an ethical code that is distinctly non-roman |
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| 218-222, 14 at ascension. High priest of El Gabal who tries to replace Roman Jupiter with his own god. Allowed Julia Domna in senate. Killed and his memory is condemned |
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Domna: wife of Septimius Severus, deified upon death
Maesa: grandmother of Elagabulus and Severus Alexander. Plays huge role in getting both of them emperorship. |
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| 222-235: Severus Alexander. Mother Mamea goes everywhere with him. Mother depicted as mother of camps and senate. Germany sees weakness in him and starts invading the Rhine. |
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| 222-235: Suffers massive invasions of Northern Fronteirs. Persians invade, capture him and he's a footstool for king of Persia. |
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| 268: Names Odenathus leader of war in Syria, essentialy dividing empire in two. Zenobia, Odenathus' widow takes control to lead rebellion. |
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| 270-285: Restitutor Orbitus, restorer of the world. Huge military victories over goths, etc. to restore basically the entire empire. Officially titled as dominus et deus. Ended crisis of third century. Really popularized Sol Invictus |
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| Lack reliable sources, blur of barbarian invasions. No successful way of appoining new emperor, Big rise of Christianity, polytheism losing influence, 26 emps in 50 years, Start of massive currency devaluation, grain cost 200x of 1st century value |
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293: Splits Empire between East and West (4 parts)
Multiplied succession issue by 4
Rome now out of picture
100 provinces within empire so he could manage better
Issues Diocletian's Edict in 301:
Attempt to fix salary of normal occupations, cracking down on inflation, makes professions compulsory (have to do what fam. does), cracks down on speculators hoarding goods |
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Created by Diocletian in 293, 2 augusti (leaders E v W) and 2 Caesars under them, groomed for augusti
4 new captials, milan, constantinople, trier, sirmium |
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| limitanei and comitatenses |
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Limitanei are fixed armies at Roman borders
Comitatanses are mobile armies |
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| Claimed as co-augusti with Constantine in 307, stages revolt, loses to Constantine and it's commmemorated by ARCH OF CONSTANTINE |
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| 313: Constantine declares Rome will now tolerate all religions, helped allow churches to give social services because State couldn't |
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| 312, Maxentius (Eastern Emperor) and Constantine (Western Emperor) met at this bridge on the Tiber and fought. Max drowned and Constantine became sole emperor. Said to have connections with Constantine's coneversion to christianity |
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| 324; Constantine founds it at old Bythnian capital, old run-down, lets him start new and free from Rome's religious traditions |
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