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| Part of N. Africa; The king dies, splitting this kingdom between his three sons Adherbal, Hiempsal, and Jugurtha. The three sons vie and appeal to the Roman Senate, who overlook the issue. Jugurtha overpowers the others, though kill Italians in Cirta (African city). |
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| "Long-haired" Gaul; Aquitania, Celtica, Belgica |
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| where Julius Caesar won against the Gallic tribes |
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| Conference of the first Triumvirate |
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| River which borders Gaul and Rome; Caesar crossed it. |
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modern day Durres of Albania.
In 48 Pompey made Dyrrhachium into his main base on the Adriatic, and he beat off an attack by Caesar on his entrenched camp nearby |
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| where Caesar’s troops were stationed when he died; |
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major center of Roman naval power, received Roman citizenship after Social War.
It was captured by Caesar ( 49 BC ), to cut off Pompey 's retreat, and besieged by Antony ( M. Antonius (2) ) in 40. It was also the location for the Treaty of Brundisium, by which the triumvirs came to an agreement. |
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| between office this law prohibited the 2nd term of some magistrates. There was a question over whether this law applied to the Tibunate, as Tiberius Gracchus stood for his second term. |
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| lex equorum rendorum (129) |
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| This law compelled the senators, who were in the cavalry, to give up their public horses upon receiving office, thus more definitely distinguishing the Senators from the Equites. |
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| loyal socii given franchise (Etruscans, Umbrians). This compromise was made due to initial setbacks on the part of the Romans. This is followed by the lex plautia papira, which gives everybody citizenship. |
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| tribunes can run for higher office. Passed after the death of Sulla. |
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| Pompey’s command against the pirates |
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| Pompey gets Lucullus’ command in East |
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| Caesar’s provinces are Illyria and Cisalpine Gaul |
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| empowers Second Triumvirate for 5 years |
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| This war was provoked at the bidding of the equites. The Senate tried to overlook the problems with the splitting of Numidia, but when Jugurtha killed Italians in the African City Cirta, the pressure from the Plebs and Equites impelled them to declare war. Sulla claimed victory though it was officially awarded to Marius. |
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| where Teutones and another people (Gauls and Germany) destroyed Roman soldiers; leads to Marius getting mad power; |
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| This is where Marius defeats the Teutones in Transalpine Gaul |
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| Rebellion by Italian Socii because of Rome's refusal to grant citizenship; they tried to establish their own capital, Italia, but when the Senate gave in to their wishes, they stopped. |
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| Mithridates starts attacking Roman provinces, massacres Italians; Command given to Marius over Sulla |
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| Battle of the Colline Gate |
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| Sulla marches again onto Rome against Cinna’s successor Carbo and beats his forces as well as Samnite allies. |
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| Another war against Mithridates, in which command was taken from Lucullus and given to Pompey |
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| Where Crassus was defeated and killed in the East |
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| Where Caesar defeated Pompey's forces, causing him to flee to Egypt. |
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| Egypt, where Caesar took over area for Cleopatra |
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| battle fought in 47 BC between Iulius Caesar and Pharnaces II of the Kingdom of Ponus in northern Turkey. The battle was so quick that both Plutarch and Suetonius claim that Caesar said “Veni, vidi, vici!” (I came, I saw, I conquered). |
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| The Republican forces of the Optimates, led by Quintus Caecillius Metellus Scipio, clashed with the veteran forces loyal to Julius Caesar. Caesarian victory |
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| Last Battle in Caesar’s civil war that allowed him to return to Rome. Defeat of the last of Pompey's forces |
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| Where M. Antony tried to fight D. Brutus, but Octavian came to the rescue; both consuls were killed, but armies went to Octavian instead of to Brutus because his name was Caesar. |
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| Battle in which Octavian and Antony fought Brutus and Cassius. Brutus initially defeated Octavian’s forces, but then Antony defeated Cassius’s forces, prompting Cassius to commit suicide. Antony then came to Octavian’s assistance and defeated Brutus, who committed suicide. |
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| It was fought by Antony’s wife (Fulvia) and brother (Lucius Antonius) in Rome on behalf of Antony against Octavian. Their army held Rome for a while but was then forced to retreat to Perusia where they were seiged and forced to surrender due to starvation. Lucius Antonius was sent away to govern a Spanish province and Fulvia was sent into exile. |
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| 36 BC battle between the fleets of Sextus Pompeius (Pompey the Great’s son) and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (admiral of Octavian) off of the coast of Sicily. Agrippa won and marked the beginning of the end for Pompey’s resistance to the second triumvirate. |
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| Octavians victory over Antony and Cleopatra |
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| Public land which the Gracchi were to give to the poor |
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| pompey and crassus meet caesar at the edge of his province, 300 senators accompany them north, Triumvirate reaffirmed and future plans laid |
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| Where Lepidus arranged for Antony and Octavian to arrange the Second Triumvirate |
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| Short-lived pact between Octavian and Sextus Pompey |
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| the triumvirate expired, Italian municipia and Western swear allegiance to Octavian |
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| “huge tracts of land” which were used for essentially the modern commercial farming. These presented the problems which led to Tiberius Gracchus’ land reforms. Depended on slave labor. |
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| Authority and political weight of a Roman politician |
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| Upper class, aristocracy, that had no political influence |
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| Senatus consultum ultimum |
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This decree urged magistrates, usually the consul or consuls, to take measures to defend the respublica and see that it came to no harm;
Matter of political controversy; people weren't sure if it was constitutional. |
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| one who gains his reputation & political support primarily through military career |
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| Dictator legibus scribendis et rei publicae constituendae (cf. Dictator rei gerundae) |
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| dictator for writing laws and for the sake of establishing the state; this is the title that Sulla later gave up freely |
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| Greater imperium; Pompey has 50 miles within land to protect so he could fight the pirates |
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| perpetual dictator or dictator for life |
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| A series of nasty orations Cicero made against Antony; ultimately led to his death |
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| The comet seen during the games put on by Octavian, shows that Caesar had been accepted by the gods and made a god |
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| Imperium proconsulare maius: |
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| greater authority; the pro-consular authority that Octavian later had |
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| Purging of undesirables. Sulla institutes these after his second march onto Rome against Carbo, and the 2nd Triumvirates proscriptions destroy enemies (including Cicero) |
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| Senate must be consulted on all measures first (this was a part of Sulla’s measures against S. Rufus’ laws. |
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