Term
|
Definition
| The planes of breakage in rocks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essentially they are rocks. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of minerals? |
|
Definition
1. Naturally occurring
2. Solid.
3. Inorganic substance
4. Definite chemical composition
5. Ordered crystal structure |
|
|
Term
| What is Mohs hardness scale? |
|
Definition
| It is the scratch resistance of minerals with other minerals. I.E. a fingernail or diamond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the two most abundant minerals on earth. Found in the earth's crust. Varied and lots of concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minerals that have a CO3 -2 compound combined with positive ions. Found abundantly in limestone, and invertebrate shell organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What is silicon-oxygen tetrahedron? |
|
Definition
| SoOx4 -4, which is the basic component of the silica tetrahedron. They combine by infusing with oxygen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minerals have O-2 combined generally with metallic elements, like hematite. |
|
|
Term
| What is a coarse grained texture? |
|
Definition
| Large visible crystals, resulting from slow cooling. |
|
|
Term
| Chemical sedimentary rock |
|
Definition
| rock materials forms from chemical processes, either biological or non-biological. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a heat source that comes into contact with the rock. |
|
|
Term
| Detrital sedimentary rock |
|
Definition
| the accumulation of weathered rock fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rock-salt. Dissolved material is left behind when water evaporates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rocks that form at the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fine microscopic crystals that represent fast cooling. Igneous rocks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Banding of mineral concentrations. Orientation of the mineral crystals. Metamorphic rocks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Looks glassy, like obsidian, represents quenching and extremely rapid cooling. Igneous rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms from a cooling liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rocks that form under the earth's crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what you see as the material oozes out the surface of a volcano or magma plume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of turning loose sediment into detrital sedimentary rock. involves compaction and cementation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any hot liquid that can be cooled to rock . It is intrusive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rocks that form from elevated pressure, heat or chemically active fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metamorphic rocks that appear to have no layering. They are granular, sugary and crystalline. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed from mountain building and unusually elevated pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| model that describes the formation, breakdown and reformation of a rock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form from surface activity, typically involving water and the atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanical and chemical break down of rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process that change the chemistry of mineralogy of a rock. I.e. oxidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when water gets into the cracks of rock, freezes, expands and breaks chunks of rock off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaking of smaller rocks into pieces, increasing surface area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of rock that existed before it was turned into a metamorphic rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ground shaking caused by sudden release of energy usually along a fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Before an earthquake, plates/rocks slowly bend. After an earthquake, the rocks snap back into shape, and are sometimes deformed as a result of the stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point at Earth's surface where it is directly above the focus of the earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost core of the Earth, hottest part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strength of soil and rock is reduced during an earthquake due to water seeping into the sediment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The measurement unit used for earthquakes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Primary" fastest, resemble waves traveling through a spring or slinky |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Secondary" slower, resemble waves traveling through a rope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Widely used quantitative measure of the magnitude of an earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| travel widely along surfaces of the earth, causes the most damage in an earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory came with the suggestion of Pangea and about 80 billion years ago, continents started to drift away. Theory never explained how this happened. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When volcanoes grow massive enough to break the surface of the ocean. Multiple islands of volcanoes are called volcanic arches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underwater mountain range formed by plate tectonics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any long, narrow, steep-sided depression in the ocean bottom in which occur the maximum oceanic depths, approximately 7,300 to more than 11,000 metres (24,000 to 36,000 feet). They typically form in locations where one tectonic plate subducts under another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms where the Earth's crust is spreading or shifting apart. Makes a narrow valley with steep sides and a flat floor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ea-floor spreading is the process in which the ocean floor is extended when two plates move apart. As the plates move apart, the rocks break and form a crack between the plates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| faults where the plates slide past one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lava flow that is blocky, rubble like and jagged in texture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly pyroclastic, smallest and steepest volcano. Ex. Sunset Crater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both lava and pyroclastic, an intermediate size and slope. Ex. Mt. Shasta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lava flow that has a ropey texture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clastic rocks that are formed from volcanoes. Deadly when spewed at from velocities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly lava eruptions, largest with a gentle slope. Ex Kilauea volcano |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 most common elements in Earth's crust? |
|
Definition
| Silicon, Oxygen, Aluminum, Magnesium, Iron, Calcium, Sodium |
|
|
Term
| What are the three families of minerals? |
|
Definition
| Silicates, Carbonates, and Haildes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant family by variety and concentration. Shared with oxygen compounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minerals have Co-3 compound that combine with positive ions. Found in limestone and invertebrae organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minerals generally have Cl- and F- combined with positive ions. Generally referred to as salts. |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of weathering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of mechanical weathering? |
|
Definition
| Frost wedging, pressure release, biological weathering, and abrasion |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of chemical weathering? |
|
Definition
| Acid rain, oxidation, hydration, and dissolution |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main categories of sedimentary rock? |
|
Definition
Detrital - accumulation of weathered fragments
Chemical - rock materials forms from chemical processes, either biological or nonbiological |
|
|
Term
| What are the varieties of detrital sediment and their corresponding sedimentary rocks? |
|
Definition
| sedimentary rocks are the most common rocks exposed at Earth's surface. They form as sediment grains (detritus or clasts), weathered and eroded from pre-existing rocks, are deposited as layers in low-lying areas such as valleys, lakes, or an ocean basin.I.E. Shale, Siltstone, Sandstone, |
|
|
Term
| What two processes go into lithification? |
|
Definition
| Compaction and Cementation |
|
|
Term
| What does sediment size indicate about the energy of the environment? |
|
Definition
| Large sediment size rocks (conglomerates) tend to indicate a high energy environment. Smaller sediments indicates a calmer environment |
|
|
Term
| What are specific examples of high and low energy environments? |
|
Definition
High - Rapids, white water
Low - swamps, deltas, and lake |
|
|
Term
| What are some chemical sedimentary rocks, and how does each generally form? |
|
Definition
| Evaporites, Chemical limestone, and tufa. These reactions occur within water that is saturated with positively and negatively charged atoms. Such atoms are naturally attracted to each other, and will form ionic and covalent bonds as they crystallize into solid mineral crystals. |
|
|
Term
| What are some features other than grain size that might be found in sedimentary rocks? |
|
Definition
| Ripples, mudcracks, crossbeds, fossils. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two main types of metamorphism? |
|
Definition
| Foliated and non-foliated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By massive pressure being exerted on the rock. |
|
|
Term
| What texture is associated with foliated and nonfoliated? |
|
Definition
| Foliated - layering in metamorphic rocks that is defined by the orientation of the mineral crystals Nonfoliated - grannular, surgary, and crystalline. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What the metamorphic rock was before it was changed. Examples:
Limestone -> Marble
Quartz Sandstone -> Quartzite |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of contact metamorphism? |
|
Definition
| Heat source comes into contact with rock. |
|
|
Term
| Who developed the theory of continental drift? |
|
Definition
| Alfred Wegner, German meteorlogist. |
|
|
Term
| What were his observations that supported his theory? |
|
Definition
| He observed an ice block breaking apart and came up with the theory along with observing the continents on the map. |
|
|
Term
| What mechanism did he propose to drive continental drift? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why were his ideas not accepted? |
|
Definition
| It didn't explain why/how continents moved, and what was happening on the ocean floor. |
|
|
Term
| After Wegener, where did geologists generally find new information to modify Wegener's theory? |
|
Definition
| Harry Hess, used sonar to map out the ocean floor |
|
|
Term
| What are the three basic types of plate boundaries? |
|
Definition
| Divergent boundaries, Convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries |
|
|
Term
| What mechanism drives plate tectonics? |
|
Definition
| Movement is driven by the convection currents in the mantle and outer core. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in amplitude with each increment increase in an earthquakes magnitude? |
|
Definition
| It is a 10X increase in magnitude. And a 30X increase in energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geologic events on Earth occur through sudden cataclysmic processes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geologic processes that operated in the past are the very same geologic processes that operate today. "Present is key to the past." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific age in years is not given. This type of dating puts events in their correct chronological order based upon the sedimentary layer in which an object is found. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The age of a rock in years is called its absolute age. The most common types are based on the rate of decay of naturally occurring radioactive elements. The age of the material being dated is commonly expressed in a number of years. When rocks are formed, small amounts of radioactive elements usually get included. As time passes, the "parent" radioactive elements change at a regular rate into non‑radioactive "daughter" elements. Thus, the older a rock is, the larger the number of daughter elements and the smaller the number of parent elements is found in the rock. Radiometric dating is another term used to talk about Absolute Time dating. |
|
|
