Term
| Name the three kinds of rocks. |
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Definition
| Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rocks formed by the cooling and hardening of hot molten rock from inside the Earth. |
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Term
| What are sedimentary rocks? |
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Definition
| Rocks formed by the hardening and cementing of layers of sediment. |
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Term
| What are metamorphic rocks? |
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Definition
| Rocks formed when rocks that already exist are changed by heat and pressure into new rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of minerals bound together in some way. |
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Term
| Distinguish between intrusive and extrusive. |
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Definition
| Intrusive igneous rocks have formed from slowly cooling underground, making them coarse-grained with more crystals. Extrusive igneous rocks have formed from quickly cooling once reaching the Earth's surface. This fast cooling makes them fine-grained with less crystals. |
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Term
| What is another term for intrusive? For extrusive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two general kinds of magma? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Light-colored, high silica igneous rocks. Most intusive rocks are felsic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dark-colored, low-silica igneous rocks. Most extrusive rocks are mafic. |
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Term
| What is the texture of a rock? |
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Definition
| How it feels (bumpy, smooth, etc.). Depends on the size, shape, and arrangement of its minerals' crystals. |
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Term
| What is the most important factor affecting texture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the crystal size in an igneous rock depend upon? |
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Definition
| How fast the magma hardens and the amount of gas dissolved into the magma. The more dissolved gas, the bigger the crystals grow. |
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Term
| What is the name for a coarse-grained texture? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the textures for igneous rocks. |
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Definition
| Coarse-grained(granular), fine-grained, glassy, vesicular(???????). |
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Term
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Definition
| A rock with 2 distinctly different textures. Large crystals surrounded by a fine-grained mass of rock. |
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Term
| Name three families of igneous rocks. |
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Definition
| The granite family, the gabbro family, and the diorite family. |
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Term
| What are the three main kinds of sedimentary rock? |
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Definition
| Clastic, chemical, organic. |
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Term
| What are clastic rocks? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Sedimentary rocks fromed from fragments of other rocks.Ex. shale, sandstone, conglomerate. |
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Term
| What are chemical rocks? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Sedimentary rocks formed from mineral grains that fall out of a solution(precipitate) by evaporation or by chemical action. Ex. Rock salt |
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Term
| What are organic rocks? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Sedimentary rocks formed from the remains of plants and animals. Ex. coal. |
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Term
| How do clastic rocks form? |
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Definition
| Small rock fragments rae picked up and smoothed out by water, the wind and other elements. The coarse sediments are eventually deposited and cemented together by a natural agent. continue later |
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Term
| What are some natural cements used in clastic rocks? |
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Definition
| Silica, calcite, and iron oxides |
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Term
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Definition
| The coarsest clastic rock. Cemented mixture of rounded pebbles and sand grains. Pebbles may be any rock material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clastic rock. Made of grains of quartz, up to 30% air(very porous), Rough, gritty, durable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clastic rock made from clays and sediments. Impermable, smooth, soft, easily broken. |
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Term
| Describe the granite family. Give examples. |
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Definition
| Forms from felsic magmas. All rocks have orthoclase feldspar and quartz. Ex. Granite, rhyolite, obsidian, pumice. |
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Term
| Describe the Gabbro family. Give examples. |
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Definition
| Igneous rocks forming from mafic magmas. Made mainly from dark plagioclase feldspar and augite. Generally dark in color and denser thean granite family. Ex. Gabbro, basalt, basalt glass. |
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Term
| Describe the diorite family. Give examples. |
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Definition
| Igneous rocks that have a compostion and color between that of the granite and gabbro families. Ex. Diorite, andesite. |
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Term
| What is the most common continetal igneous rock? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Arrangement in visible layers. Seen in sedimentary rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| The remains, impressions, or any other evidence of plants or animals preserved in a rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by the action of winds, streams, waves, or currents on sand. Found on some sandstones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cracks that develop when deposits of wet clay dry and contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rocks that have a hollow area that is lined with crystals of quartz or calcite. |
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Term
| What three things cause rocks to metamorphize? |
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Definition
| Heat, pressure, and chemicals. |
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Term
| How are most of the metamorphic rocks formed? |
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Definition
| By regional metamorphism. |
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Term
| What is regional metamorphism? |
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Definition
| Metamorphism that occurs when large areas of rock undergo intense heat and pressure causing them to metamorphize. Affects a very large area. |
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Term
| During metamorphism what happens? |
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Definition
| Pressure moves the grains closer together making the rocks denser and less porous. Heat and chemicals may rearrange the particles. Minerals may be reformed, or ne minerals may be formed. |
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Term
Sedimentary --> Metamorphic
Conglomerate(or granite)--> 1.
Sandstone--> 2.
Limestone--> 3.
Shale--> 4. |
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Definition
1. Gneiss
2. Quartzite
3. Marble
4. Slate then schist |
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Term
| What are the two metamorphic textures? |
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Definition
| Foliated and nonfoliated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A feature in metamorphic rocks that allows the rocks to easily split into layers. |
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Term
| What rock has the coarsest foliation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is unique about gneiss? |
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Definition
| Its minerals are arranged in cardboard thick parallel bands. Bands of light colored minerals(quartz and feldspar) alternate with dark bands(hornblende and biotite). |
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Term
| What is contact metamorphism? Give an example. |
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Definition
| A process that occrus when hot magma forces its way onto overlying rock. The heat of the magma bakes the rocks. Much less rock is affected. Foliation is NOT produced. Ex. Hornfels |
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Term
| Name 6-8 rock forming minerals. |
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Definition
| Quartz, feldspar, mica, calcite, hematite, hornblende. |
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Term
Igneous Rocks:
A. Formation?
B. Hard or soft?
C. Primary or secondary?
D. Origin?
E. Main minerals?
F. Main colors?
G. Main textures? |
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Definition
A. Magma or lava
B. Hard
C. Primary
D. Top, mid, low
E. Quartz, feldspars, micas(biotite, muscovite)
F. Blacks, pinks, reds, whites
G. Coarse-grained, fine-grained, glassy, vesicular |
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Term
Sedimentary rocks:
A. Formation?
B. Hard or soft?
C. Primary or secondary?
D. Origin?
E. Main minerals?
F. Main colors?
G. Main textures? |
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Definition
A. Lithification (pressure and cement)
B. Soft
C. Secondary
D. Top, mid
E. Calcite, quartz, feldspar,hematite,mica
F. Earth tones
G. clastic, chemical , organic |
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Term
Metamorphic Rocks:
A. Formation?
B. Hard or soft?
C. Primary or secondary?
D. Origin?
E. Main minerals?
F. Main colors?
G. Main textures? |
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Definition
A. Pressure(buried), heat(encounters magma or lava), or chemcials(acids) on a preexisting rock
B. Hardest
C. Secondary
D. Top, mid
E. Everything
F. Everything
G. Foliated or nonfoliated |
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Term
| After metamorphism , a rock is.... |
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Definition
| harder, denser, and shinier. |
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Term
Mineral>Rock>Meta-rock
1. Quartz>Sandstone>?
2. Feldspar>Shale>?>?
3. Quartz,Feldspar,Hornblende>Igneous rock>?
4. Calcite>Limestone>? |
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Definition
1. Quartzite
2. slate, schist
3. gneiss
4. marble |
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Term
| List the three classes of rock in order of their abundance in Earth's crust. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a conchoidal fracture? Give examples. |
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Definition
| A shell-shaped fratcure with sharp edges. Ex. Chert and obsidian |
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Term
| What are ferromagnesian minerals? |
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Definition
| Iron magnesium silicates of a dark color. ????????????? What else????????? |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of a rock that is air. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability for water the pass through rock. |
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Term
| What are nodules? Give an example. |
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Definition
| A mineral mass that has a different composition or is more weathering resistant than its surrounding rock. These are normally rounded in shape. Example: chert masses in a limestone rock unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A volume of sedimentary rock in which a mineral cement fills the porosity (i.e. the spaces between the sediment grains). Concretions are often ovoid or spherical in shape, although irregular shapes also occur. |
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