Term
| What does it mean to prove something? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the law of the excluded middle? |
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Definition
| That there is no middle ground between true and false. There is no third way. |
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Term
| What is the law of identity? |
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Definition
| If a statement is true then it is true. Truth is truth. |
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Term
| What is the law of noncontradiction? |
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Definition
| A statement cannot be both true and false. Truth excludes falsity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Argumentation that is twisted in some fashion. There are fallacies of form and fallacies of distraction. |
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Term
| What is the difference between deductive and inductive arguments? |
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Definition
A deductive argument is either valid or invalid. Deductive argumentation moves from general to particular.
An inductive argument is defined by being either strong or weak. Inductive argumentation moves from particular to general. |
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Term
| What is a fallacy of form? |
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Definition
| A fallacy of form occurs when a structure of the argument is wrong. |
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Term
| What is a fallacy of distraction? |
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Definition
| A fallacy of distraction occurs when the structure of the argument is being ignored, shifted or insulted in someway. |
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Term
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Definition
| A claim of something that is either true or false. |
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Term
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Definition
| The establishment of whether a statement is without fallacy and either true or false. |
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Term
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Definition
| The statement and information you are operating and reasoning with. |
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Term
| What is a deductive argument? |
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Definition
| A deductive argument is either valid or invalid. Deductive argumentation moves from general to particular. |
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Term
| What is an inductive argument? |
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Definition
| An inductive argument is defined by being either strong or weak. Inductive argumentation moves from particular to general. |
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Term
| What is a valid argument? |
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Definition
| A valid argument is one in which the truth of the premise would necessarily imply the truth of the conclusion. Validity is argumentative structure. |
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Term
| What is an invalid argument? |
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Definition
| An invalid argument is one in which the premise does not support the conclusion. |
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Term
| What is a strong or weak argument? |
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Definition
| A strong or weak argument occurs when a conclusion is arrived at by means of induction, that is going from the specific to the general. |
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Term
| What is the square of opposition? |
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Definition
| The square of opposition is a visual illustration to help one identify possible problems in arguments. |
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Term
| What is a universal affirmative? |
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Definition
| All P are Q. The A statemtent. |
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Term
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Definition
A universal affirmative.
Subject: distributed
Predicate; undistributed |
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Term
| What is a universal negative? |
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Definition
| All P are not Q. The E statement. |
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Term
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Definition
A universal negative.
Subject: distributed.
Predicate: distributed. |
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Term
| What is a particular affirmative? |
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Definition
| Some P are Q. The I statement. |
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Term
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Definition
A particular affirmative.
Subject: undistributed.
Predicate: undistributed |
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Term
| What is a particular negative? |
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Definition
| Some P are not Q. The O statement. |
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Term
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Definition
A particular negative.
Subject: undistributed.
Predicate: distributed. |
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Term
| What is a distributed term? |
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Definition
| This refers to a statement which is made of every member of the class. |
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Term
| What is an undistributed term? |
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Definition
| This refers to a statement which is not being made of every member of the class. |
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Term
| What is a contrary relationship? |
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Definition
| A to E. Both cannot be true but both can be false. |
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Term
| What is a contradictory relationship? |
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Definition
| A to O. I to E. They cannot both be true and they cannot both be false. |
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Term
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Definition
| I to O. They can both be true but they cannot both be false. |
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Term
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Definition
| A to I. E to O. The truth of A requires the truth of I. Or the truth of E requires the truth of O. |
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Term
| What is superimplication? |
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Definition
| I to A. O to E. This is an implication of falsity. If the particular is false, the universal must be also. |
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Term
| What is a categorical syllogism? |
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Definition
A deductive argument which is either valid or invalid. It has three statements: two premises and one conclusion. It follows the reasoning of:
All P are Q.
Some Q are R.
Therefore, some R are P. |
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Term
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Definition
| The predicate term of the conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| That which is in both premises but not in the conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The subject term of the conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The premise which contains the major term. |
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Term
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Definition
| The premise which contains the minor term. |
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Term
| What is a sound argument? |
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Definition
| A sound argument is one which is both valid and true. |
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Term
| What is an unsound argument? |
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Definition
| An unsound argument is one which is valid but wrong. |
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Term
| What is the mood of an argument? |
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Definition
| The mood is an abbreviation of how the argument looks in the categories created by the square of opposition. (e.g AII = one A statement followed by two I statements, concluded with an I) |
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Term
| What is a figure in an argument? |
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Definition
| The arrangement of the middle term in the argument. |
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Term
| What are the five rules of validity? |
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Definition
1) In at least one premise, the middle term must be distributed.
2) If a term is distributed in the conclusion it must be distributed in its premise.
3) A valid syllogism cannot have two negative premises.
4) A valid syllogism cannot have a negative premise and an affirmative conclusion.
5) A valid syllogism cannot have two affirmative premises and a negative conclusion |
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Term
| What is the fallacy of affirming the consequent? |
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Definition
If P, then Q.
Q.
Therefore, P.
(If a cow, then a mammal. A mammal, Therefore a cow.) |
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Term
| What is the fallacy of denying to antecedent? |
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Definition
If P then Q.
Not P.
Therefore not Q.
(If a cow, then a mammal. Not a cow. Therefore not a mammal.) |
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Term
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Definition
A valid form. Way of Affirming.
If P then Q.
P.
Therefore Q.
If a cow, then a mammal. A cow. Therefore a mammal. |
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Term
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Definition
A valid form. Way of denying.
If P, then Q.
Not Q.
Therefore not P.
If a cow, then a mammal. Not a mammal. Therefore, not a cow. |
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Term
| What are fallacies of distraction? |
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Definition
1) Ipse Dixit
2) Ad Populum
3) Ad Baculum
4) Ad Hominem
5) Bulverism.
6) Tu quoque
7) Ad ignoratium
8) Chronological Snobbery. |
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Term
| What are fallacies of ambiguity? |
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Definition
1) Fallacy of equivocation
2) Fallacy of accent
3) Fallacy of selective arrangement.
4) Fallacy of amphiboly
5) Fallacy of composition.
6) Fallacy of division. |
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Term
| What are fallacies of form? |
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Definition
1) Petitio Principii
2) Post hoc ergo propter hoc
3) Either/Or
4) A complex question.
5) Apriorism |
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Term
| What are the three basic ways of using language? |
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Definition
| Ordinary, scientific, and poetic. |
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Term
| What is the analytic paradigm? What four things does it require? |
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Definition
| Scientific communication utilizes a method which requires precision, quantification, abstraction, and direct correlation. |
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Term
| What is a poetic paradigm? What four things does it require? |
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Definition
| An approach that uses imprecision, that utilizes metaphor, imprecision, qualification, concrete images and oblique correlation. |
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Term
| How is it that we learn more from a statement that is, strictly speaking, less true? |
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Definition
| The listener can relate to the picture painted. More description is involved and the listener’s past experience is painted before them. |
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Term
| State and explain/defend the main point of ND Wilson’s lecture week 7. |
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Definition
| Love without truth is as gross as truth without love. Who we are effects how we argue... |
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Term
| What is the difference between expressions that are ordinary, scientific, and poetic? |
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Definition
1. Ordinary is basic. Scientific and Poetic are both divergent ways of communicating more accurately what we mean.
2. Scientific communication utilizes a method which requires precision, quantification, abstraction, and direct correlation.
3. Poetic requires imprecision, qualification, concrete images, and oblique correlation. |
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Term
| Name the three elements in the poetic approach to meaning |
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Definition
| Metaphor, simile, and personification. |
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Term
| What is the difference between how we handle a poem and how we handle a mathematical table? |
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Definition
| In the handling of a mathematical table we can be assured of the inerrancy of our understanding of it due to its epistemic nature. Poetry is not quantifiable and therefore it is impossible to even consider an interpretation of it to be inerrant. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the construction of something in rhetoric or literature are repeated in reverse order, in the same of a modified form. |
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Term
| How might this effect an outline. |
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Definition
| It rewrites your understanding of it. Because the order is not abstract but intentionally crafted and specific. |
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