Term
| Task of the Public Speaker? |
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Definition
| To discuss capably those matters which law and custom have fixed for the uses of citizenship, and to secure as far as possible the agreement of his hearers. |
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Term
| By what means does one acquire the necessary faculties? Explain. |
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Definition
Invention: the devising of matter, true or plausible, that would make the case convincing.
Arrangement: the ordering and distribution of the matter.
Style: the adaption of suitable words and sentences to the matter divised.
Memory: The firm retention in the mind of the matter, words, and arragement.
Delivery: the graceful regulation of voice, countenance, and gesture. |
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Term
| What are the four kinds of causes? Explain. (I.III.5) |
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Definition
| Honorable, discreditable, doubtful, and petty. |
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Term
| What are the two kinds of introduction? (I.IV.6) |
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Definition
| The Direct Opening, and The Subtle Approach. |
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Term
| How can bring about receptive, well-disposed, and attentive hearers? (I.IV.7) |
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Definition
| By briefly summarizing the cause and making them attentive; by promising to discuss important, new, and unusual matters, by bidding them to listen attentively, and enumerating the points we are going to discuss. |
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Term
| On what three occasions must we avoid the direct approach? (I.V.9) |
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Definition
| When our cause is discreditable. When the hearer has apparently been won over by the previous speakers of the opposition. Or when the hearer has become wearied by listening to the previous speakers. |
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Term
| What three qualities must a statement of facts have? Explain each. (I.VIII. 14) |
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Definition
Brevity: you can make a statement brief if you start at the point of relevance rather than the remotest beginning.
Clarity: you can make a statement clear if you set the facts out in the precise order in which they occurred, and ensure that our language is not confused, and we stay on subject.
Plausibility: you make a statement plausible if it answers the requirements of the usual, the expected, and the natural. |
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Term
| Of the five tasks of the speaker, which is the most important and difficult? (p. 59) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four virtues? Can they be used as topics of argument? (163-165) |
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Definition
Wisdom: used if we compare advantages and disadvantages, or use our knowledge to recommend something.
Justice: If we say that we ought to pity innocent person and suppliants; and show the a course of actions is creditable, and contend with alliances and friendships.
Courage: If we make it clear that men ought to follow and strive after noble and lofty actions, and use the argument of what is or is not honorable.
Temperance: if we censure the inordinate desire for office, money, or the life. If we show how much is enough in each case, and advise against going too far, and set limits. |
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Term
| Epideictic: what do you find valuable in these sections? (173-185) |
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Definition
| The urging of using a persons virtues and defect of character. What they have done with power, their behavior in friendships and in private, his behavior in disagreements, etc. |
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Term
| What are the three kinds of arrangement? (185-187) |
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Definition
1. The arrangement of a whole speech
2. The arrangement of individual arguments
3. The arrangement when a person must accommodate a change in circumstances in their speech. |
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Term
| What is the proper ordering of our argument? (189) |
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Definition
| The strongest arguments should be placed at the beginning and at the end of the pleading, those of medium force should be put in the middle with other arguments of such strength in order the make them as impact-full as possible. |
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Term
| Which faculty is most valuable for persuasion? (189-191) |
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Definition
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Term
| In what sense is arrangement “twofold”? (185) |
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Definition
| You must arrange the whole speech as well as each individual argument. |
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Term
| Why is there “another arrangement” and what is it? (187) |
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Definition
| When a person must accommodate a change in circumstances in their speech. |
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Term
| What is the most persuasive arrangement of your proofs? (189) |
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Definition
| The strongest arguments should be placed at the beginning and at the end of the pleading, those of medium force should be put in the middle with other arguments of such strength in order the make them as impact-full as possible. |
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Term
| What is useful in this voice section? (191-201) |
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Definition
| Without good delivery the other faculties are made ineffective, therefore it is requisite for speaking. A person must not be shrill or dull in their delivery. The conversational tone. |
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Term
| What do you find useful in this section on physical movement? (201-205) |
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Definition
| The emphasis on using modesty and using gestures that not overly conspicuous or gross. |
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Term
| Discuss the author’s “two kinds of memory” and especially “artificial memory.” Give it a try! |
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Definition
Natural is a person’s natural ability to recall things.
Artificial is developed by practice and strengthening . |
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Term
| Explain the three types of style and of what each consists (253-269) |
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Definition
Grand: consists of a smooth and ornate arrangement of impressive words.
Middle: consists of words of a lower, yet not the lowest and most colloquial, class of words.
Simple: is brought down even to the most current idiom of standard speech. |
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