Term
| Unconventional/Confrontational |
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Definition
| Activism, protests, marchses (usually wealthy and highly educated) |
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Term
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Definition
| How citizens ought to act (in terms of who is considered a good citizen) |
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Definition
| How citizens act in reality. |
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Term
| Socio-Economic Status (SES) |
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Definition
| Higher educations and financial status result in higher participation. Age and race also affects participation rates. SES is a poor indicator of position issues though. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has decreased overall, with US being second to last (Switzerland is last) among all nations in voter turnout, but among those who ARE registered, vote at a steady percentage in each election. |
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Term
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Definition
| People are not registering because it takes time and money; it is up to the individual to seek out necessary information until the MOTOR VOTER LAW passed in 1993, which allowed people to register at the DMV or through the mail. |
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Term
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Definition
| Black participation higher than white (VIA CIVIL RIGHTS ACT) but long road to get there. Early 1900's presence of legal barriers such as poll taxes, white primaries, grandfather clause, literacy tests etc and intimidation or force (lynching) |
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Term
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Definition
| A distinctive and patterned way of thinking about how political and economic life ough to be carried out. (people believe everyone should be equal politically, not economically) |
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Term
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Definition
Framed in constitution to protect government from "bad opinions"
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Term
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Definition
| States get electorial votes. Voters in each state select "electors" who cast state electoral votes (vote majority needed for president and vipe president, if no majority, house elects president and senate elects vice president). |
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Definition
| Originally, state voters elect state legislators who choose Senators until 17th amendment in 1913, which provided for the direct election of Senators. |
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Term
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Definition
| President nominates judges, Senate gives its "advice and consent" with no role for public opinion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each chamber acts separately on legislation (filtering device because House is not elected). |
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Term
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Definition
Madison clearly states that he mistrusts public opinion, which is still an issues today.
The entire purpose of The Federalist Papers was to gain popular support for the then-proposed Constitution. Some would call it the most significant public-relations campaign in history; it is, in fact, studied in many public relations classes as a prime example of how to conduct a successful campaign |
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Term
Five Basic Beliefs of PC
Liberty |
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Definition
| Basic rights we assume we posses via DI and BR (birth right). |
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Term
Five Basic Beliefs of PC
Equality |
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Definition
| Equal Vote for all, equal chance to advance in society or government. However, equal chance doesnt mean equal results. |
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Term
Five Basic Beliefs of PC
Democracy |
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Definition
| Democractic rules of the game with majority rule along with minority rights. |
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Term
Five Basic Beliefs of PC
Civic Duty |
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Definition
| We have duty as citizens to be active participants. |
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Term
Five Basic Beliefs of PC
Individual Responsibility |
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Definition
| Held accountable for our actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seem obvious of us, but they are not part of other political cultures. |
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Term
| Trust in Leaders/Government |
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Definition
| Overall, we have more trust in our leaders and in our government than other countries. However with the war and other divisive issues, there is a growing mistrust in leadership. |
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Term
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Definition
The willingless to let those with whom we disagress speak, petition, demonstrate etc to shape public opinion.
No evidence in decline but 90-95% agree that peoiple in the minority should be free to try to win majority support for their opinions but only 70% agree that a group of black militants should be allowed to circulate a petition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coherent and conssitent set of beliefs about who should rule, what priniciples rulers should obey and what policies they should pursue. |
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Term
Survey Research
Random Sample |
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Definition
Sample in whcih each item has the same chance of selection as any other.
Hard to get. |
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Term
Survey Research
Sampling Error |
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Definition
Inevitable differences in results from sample to sample in a population (all of these items to be analyzed)
To reduce sampling error, increase the sample size (increase the part of the poopulation acting being tested.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Intentional or unintentional bias in the question wording leads to skewed/unreliable results. |
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Term
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Definition
| Answers that are given due to the pressues of the interview situation, rather than based on genuine opinions or simply not understanding the question or issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes print (newspapers, magazines) and electronic (internet, radio, TV). |
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Term
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Definition
| More constraints than print media via the FCC which ensures equal time (time to one candidate equals time to the other.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Less self censorship and no government regulation due to the 1st Amendment, which guarantees the protection for freedom of the press. However, they can be sued for libel, obscenity and incitement to illegal acts. Also rely on wire services to collection national and international news. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reporter unjustly tarnishes a person/candidates reputation or character. |
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Term
Roles of Media
Gatekeeper |
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Definition
| Sets public agenda by devoting time to certain subjects. |
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Term
Roles of Media
Scorekeeper |
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Definition
| Tracks political reputations and candidacies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Investigates personalities and exposes scandals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The public has the option to pay attention to certain information or ignore it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can perceive information so it will be consistent with prior beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has the ability to influence but not as powerful. People can and do ward off information they either do not agreee with or simply do not care about. |
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Term
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Definition
Allows voters to accept or reject propsosals adopted by state legislature.
BY VOTING, THE PUBLIC CAN SET POLICY DIRECTLY WITH THIS |
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Term
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Definition
Allows voters to put legislative measures directly on ballot.
BY VOTING, THE PUBLIC CAN SET POLICY DIRECTLY WITH THIS . |
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Term
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Definition
| Influences policy making indirectly by voting for candidate who shares your beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
Outcome is based on PARTY (basic loyalties of electorate), ISSUES raised by candidates or by voters and CAMPAIGNS (formal efforts to win over potential supporters).
PARTY ISSUES CAMPAIGNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Is largely based on Party Identification (PID) |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on party loyalty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on Certain issues, scandals, war and the economy. |
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Term
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Definition
Largely family influences similar to ethnic and religious identification.
CURRENTLY MORE INDEPENDENTS AND FEW STRONG PARTISANS |
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Term
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Definition
| Arguably the most important issue because people tend to vote with their pockets and are often concerned with the national economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vote for incumbent (one is going for reelection) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Forward-looking evaluations may be hard for voters. |
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Term
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Definition
MORE COMMON
Easier to evaluate past than future for most voters. |
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Term
| If party identification and the economy matter so much, why campaign? |
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Definition
1. Campaigns weaken party loyalties but also strengthen the base.
2. Campaigns give voters a chance to see how the candidate handles pressure.
3. Campaigns allow voters to judge the character and core values of candidates. |
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Term
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Definition
Name familiarity
$$$$$
In a position to give favors or owed favors.
Experience running a campaign.
Gerrymandering |
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Term
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Definition
| to divide (a territorial unit) into election districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| Party holds elections to choose candidate for ballot. |
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Term
Election Types
Primaries
Closed |
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Definition
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Term
Election Types
Primaries
Open |
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Definition
| Open to voters regardless of party registration |
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Term
Election Types
Primaries
Blanket |
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Definition
| Both major parties on same ballot. PARTIES ARE NOT DISCLOSED ON BALLOT. |
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Term
Election Types
General Election |
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Definition
| Primary winners of the Republican, Democrat, Independent or other small parties run for office. |
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