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| a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |
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| German theologian and leader of the Reformation. His opposition to the wealth and corruption of the papacy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his excommunication from the Catholic Church |
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| Lutherans are known for their stress on the doctrine of justification by grace, through faith, and for their insistence on the Bible alone as a rule of faith. |
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| John Calvin and Calvinist movements |
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| French-born Swiss Protestant theologian who broke with the Roman Catholic Church and set forth the tenets of his theology, known today as Presbyterianism, in Institutes of the Christian Religion |
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| Henry VIII and the Anglican Church |
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| A king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved. Since that time, except for a few years of rule under Henry's daughter Mary I, who was a Roman Catholic, England has been officially a Protestant nation. |
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| in contradistinction to that of Roman Catholicism, rejects papal authority and doctrine, and is also known in continental European traditions as Evangelical doctrine. It holds that biblical scripture (rather than tradition or ecclesiastic interpretation of scripture) is the only source of revealed biblical truth, and also that salvation can be achieved through God’s grace alone. |
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| Catholic Counter-Reformation |
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| the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected); many leaders were Jesuits |
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| Saint Ignatius Loyola & Jesuits- |
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| A religious order of men in the Roman Catholic Church; its official name is the Society of Jesus. Founded by Saint Ignatius Loyola in the sixteenth century, the society became the spearhead of the Counter-Reformation |
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| series of military conflicts of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal threats |
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| fought between 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, and involved most of the major European powers Beginning as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a general war involving much of Europe, for reasons not necessarily related to religion. The war marked the culmination of the France-Habsburg rivalry for pre-eminence in Europe, which led to further wars between France and the Habsburg powers |
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| The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of 1648 respectively, which ended both the Thirty Years' War in Germany and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands |
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| A political unit consisting of an autonomous state inhabited predominantly by a people sharing a common culture, history, and language. |
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Absolute monarchy Versus Parliamentary monarchy |
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| Absolute monarchy (a monarchy that is not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution)VersusParliamentary monarchy (a monarchy having a parliament) |
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| King of France. His reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court and the expansion of French influence in Europe. Louis waged three major wars: the Dutch War, the War of the Grand Alliance, and the War of the Spanish Succession |
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| emperor of the Holy Roman Empire |
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| Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War |
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| the war (1756–63) in which England and Prussia defeated France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony. |
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| Peter the Great and Catherine the Great |
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| czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg |
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| English Civil War (Charles I versus Oliver Cromwell)- |
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| series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists between 1642 and 1651 |
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| Glorious Revolution (William I) and the English Bill of Rights- |
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| of King James II of England (VII of Scotland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange), who as a result ascended the English throne as William III of England |
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| the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. |
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| a style of architecture and art originating in Italy in the early 17th century and variously prevalent in Europe and the New World for a century and a half, characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament, by forms in elevation and plan suggesting movement, and by dramatic effect in which architecture, painting, sculpture, and the decorative arts often worked to combined effect. |
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| Nikolai Copernicus and the heliocentric theory- |
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| Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy. |
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| period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe. |
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| Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries |
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| English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation |
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| Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason)- |
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| A philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms |
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| French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance |
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| Swiss philosopher and writer who held that the individual is essentially good but usually corrupted by society |
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| mercantilism versus capitalism |
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| mercantilism - an economic theory that the prosperity of a nation depends upon its capital, and that the volume of the world economy and international trade is unchangeable.versus capitalism- an economic and social system in which the means of production are predominantly privately owned |
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| Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations |
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Definition
| clearly written account of political economy at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, and is widely considered to be the first modern work in the field of economics. The work is also the first comprehensive defense of free market policies. |
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| a phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies. |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. |
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| explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby reaching America |
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| Portuguese navigator. While trying to find a western route to the Moluccas, Magellan and his expedition were blown by storms into the strait that now bears his name. He named and sailed across the Pacific Ocean, reaching the Marianas and the Philippines, where he was killed fighting for a friendly native king. One of his ships returned to Spain, thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. |
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| French explorer who navigated the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to the region for France. |
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| States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock In addition, the VOC possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, negotiate treaties, coin money, and establish colonies |
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| English navigator and explorer who discovered the Hudson River on an expedition for the East India Company |
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| New Amsterdam (New York)- |
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| a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island; annexed by the English in 1664 and renamed New York |
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| British East India Company- |
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| an early joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). The company's main trade was in cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, tea and also, opium. It was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India. The Royal Charter effectively gave the newly created HEIC a 21 year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies |
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| southeast Europe. It was founded in the 13th century by Osman I and ruled by his descendants until its dissolution after World War I. Originally a small state controlled by Ottoman or Osmanli Turks, it spread rapidly, superseding the Byzantine Empire in the east. |
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| the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire) |
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| A high officer in a Muslim government, especially in the Ottoman Empire. |
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| Istanbul (formerly Constantinople)- |
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| the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church |
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| Mehmet II and the conquest of Constantinople |
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| he conquered Constantinople, bringing an end to the medieval Byzantine Empire. From this point onward, he claimed the title of Caesar in addition to his other titles. |
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| complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. Suleiman became the pre-eminent monarch of 16th century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed most of the Middle East in his conflict with the Persians and large swaths of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. |
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| a member of an elite military unit of the Turkish army organized in the 14th century and abolished in 1826 after it revolted against the Sultan. |
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| separate legal courts pertaining to personal law under which minorities were allowed to rule themselves (in cases not involving any Muslim) with fairly little interference from the Ottoman government |
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| the part of a Muslim palace or house reserved for the residence of women. |
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| first attempt of the Muslim Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Suleiman I (the magnificent), to capture the city of Vienna, Austria. The siege signaled the Ottoman Empire's highwater mark and the end of Ottoman expansion in central Europe, though 150 years of tension and incursions followed, culminating in the Battle of Vienna in 1683 |
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| greatest Iranian empire since the Islamic conquest of Persia, and established the Ithnāˤashari school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam |
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| - Shah of Iran, and the most eminent ruler of the Safavid Dynasty of the Persian Empire |
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| A city of central Iran south of Tehran. An ancient town and capital of Persia from 1598 to 1722, it was long noted for its fine carpets and silver filigree. Today it has textile and steel mills |
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| the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans (the main Chinese ethnic group), before falling to the rebellion led in part by Li Zicheng and soon after replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty. |
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| Francis Xavier & Matteo Ricci |
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| last ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912. The dynasty was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro in what is today northeast China (Manchuria). |
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| third Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. |
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| was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family. |
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| a civil war from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period in Japan. A dispute between Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen escalated into a nationwide war involving the Ashikaga shogunate and a number of daimyo in many regions of Japan. |
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| Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi |
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| - a Sengoku period daimyo who unified Japan. He succeeded his former liege lord, Oda Nobunaga, and brought an end to the Sengoku period |
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| Tokugawa leyasu & Tokugawa Shogunate |
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| was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family |
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| Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1206 to 1526 |
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Babur the Tiger. rawr. =) |
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| Mongol conqueror of India who made periodic raids into India (1519-1524), captured Delhi and Agra (1526), and founded the Mughal dynasty. |
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| imperial power which ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th to the mid-19th centuries |
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| beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife |
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| Mogul emperor of India (1556-1605) who conquered most of northern India and exercised religious tolerance |
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| Hindustani emperor (1658-1707) who imposed Muslim orthodoxy and expanded the empire. |
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| religious sect noted for warlike traits, founded in the Punjab at the end of the 15th century. |
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| Askia Mohammed and the Songhai state- |
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| pre-colonial African state centered in eastern Mali. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest African empires in history. |
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| Osei Thtu and the Asante (Ashanti) kingdom- |
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| Osei Tutu strengthened centralization of the surrounding Akan groups and expanded the powers judiciary system within the centralized government. Thus, this loose confederation of small city-states grew into a kingdom or empire looking to expand its borders. Newly conquered areas had the option of joining the empire or becoming tributary states |
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| Dutch settlers in South Africa, also known as Afrikaners. The Boers were repeatedly driven further inland by British settlers; the British finally defeated them in the Boer War. |
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| An official policy of racial segregation formerly practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites |
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| A member of a Bantu people of southeast Africa, primarily inhabiting northeast Natal province in South Africa. |
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| - the part of the Atlantic Ocean between the west coast of Africa and the West Indies: the longest part of the journey formerly made by slave ships. |
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| a pattern of colonial commerce in which slaves were bought on the African Gold Coast with New England rum and then traded in the West Indies for sugar or molasses, which was brought back to New England to be manufactured into rum. |
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| the enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that occurred after 1492. |
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| Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico |
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| Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Inca Empire of Peru |
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| New Spain and Mexico City (formerly Tenochtitlan)- |
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| the former Spanish possessions in the Western Hemisphere, at one time including South America (except Brazil), Central America, Mexico, the West Indies, Florida, and most of the land in the U.S. west of the Mississippi River. |
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| the system, instituted in 1503, under which a Spanish soldier or colonist was granted a tract of land or a village together with its Indian inhabitants. |
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| Bartolome de Las Casas, The Tears of the Indians- |
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| Spanish missionary and historian who sought to abolish the oppression and enslavement of the native peoples in the Americas |
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| the trade of African people supplied to the colonies of the "New World" that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. |
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| Dutch West India Company- |
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| a Dutch merchant company chartered in 1621 to carry on trade with Africa, the West Indies, North and South America, and Australia. |
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| - Dutch colonial administrator. The last Dutch governor (1646-1664) of New Netherland, he was unpopular for his harsh leadership and in 1664 was forced to surrender the colony to England. |
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| first permanent English settlement in North America |
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| John Smith and Pocahontas- |
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| Powhatan princess who befriended the English colonists at Jamestown and is said to have saved Capt. John Smith from execution by her people. |
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| Plymouth Rock and the Mayflower Pilgrims |
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| a rock at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on which the Pilgrims who sailed on the Mayflower are said to have stepped ashore when they landed in America in 1620. |
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| of the British colonies that formed the United States |
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| a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes) |
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| Russian-American Company- |
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| a semi-official colonial trading company started by Grigory Shelikhov and Nikolai Rezanov and chartered by Tsar Paul I in 1799. |
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