Term
| Retrograde urography differs from excretory urography in that the contrast medium is injected directly into the kidney by means of a percutaneous injection throught the skin. |
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Definition
| False-Contrast agents are into a selected renal pelvis by means of catheters that pass through the urethra, the bladder, and the ureter to the selected kidney. |
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Term
| Retrograde urography is performed on a regular x-ray table. T or F? |
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Definition
| False- special cystoscopic-radiographic tables are used for Retrograde urography. |
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Term
| At the beginning of the retrograde urographic examination, the patient should be placed in the modified___________ position. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which IR size should be used for urograms of the typical adult? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who should inject the contrast medium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how a kidney function test can be performed during retrograde urography. |
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Definition
| The urologist intravenously injects a colored dye, and the function of each kidney is determined by the time required for the dye substance to appear in the urine as it passes through the respected catheter. |
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Term
| List the 3 AP projection radiographs that usually comprise a retrograde urographic examination. |
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Definition
| A preliminary radiograph showing catheter insertion, a pyelogram, and a ureterogram |
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Term
| Why might the head of the x-ray table be lowered 10 to 15 degrees during the retrograde pyelography procedure? |
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Definition
| By retarding the excretion of the contrast medium from the kidney, the filling of the renal pelvis is enhanced. |
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Term
| Which retrograde urographic radiograph sometimes requires that the head of the table be elevated 35 to 40 degrees? |
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Definition
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Term
| After necessary AP projections are made, which oblique positions are often used for oblique projections? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how contrast medium is introduced into the patient for retrograde cystography. |
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Definition
| By means of catheter passed thru the urethra into the bladder |
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Term
| AP axial or PA axial: FOr the typical adult, which size IR should be used to demonstrate the bladder, and how should it be placed in the IR holder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structures are sometimes better demonstrated with the head of the table lowered 15 to 20 degrees? |
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Definition
| Lower (distal) ends of the ureters. |
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Term
| Why should patients in the supine position extend the lower limbs? |
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Definition
| To enable the lumbar lordotic curve to arch the pelvis enough to tilt the pubic bones inferiorly. |
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Term
| What breathing instruction should be given? |
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Definition
| Suspend breathing after expiration |
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Term
| To demonstrate the bladder during cystography, how many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the AP axial projection? |
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Definition
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Term
| To which level of the patient should the CR enter for the AP axial projection? |
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Definition
| 2"(5cm) above the upper border of the pubic symphysis |
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Term
| HOw should the patient be positioned to best demonstrate the prostate? |
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Definition
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Term
| How should the CR be directed to best demonstrate the prostate? |
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Definition
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Term
| If minor reflux is present at the bladder, what other structures mos likely will be demonstrated? |
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Definition
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Term
| How should the pubic bones be demonstrated in the image of the AP axial projection? |
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Definition
| They should be projected below both the bladder neck and the proximal urethra. |
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Term
| For AP oblique projections, in which position should the patient be placed? |
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Definition
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Term
| How should the patient's uppermost thigh be positioned to prevent it from superimposing the bladder in AP oblique projections? |
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Definition
| Extended and abducted enough to prevent its superimposition on the bladder area. |
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Term
| How many degrees should the patient be rotated for AP oblique projections? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 ways that the central ray can be directed for AP oblique projections. |
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Definition
| Perpendicularly and 10 degrees caudally |
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Term
| with reference to the pubic bones, where should the bladder neck be seen in the AP oblique projection radiograph RPO position? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lateral Retrograde Cystography: Which body position should be used for the lateral projection for cystography? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where should the IR be centered for the lateral projection? |
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Definition
| 2" 5cm above the symphysis pubis |
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Term
| How should the CR be directed? |
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Definition
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Term
| which imaged structures can determine whether the patient was rotated from the lateral position? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The radiographic examination of the urinary bladder and urethra after the introduction of a contrast medium by means of a catheter inserted into the bladder. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how the contrast medium is introduced into the urinary structures of interest: |
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Definition
| a catheter is inserted through the urethral canal into the bladder. |
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Term
| After the contast medium is introduced into the patient, in which two positions can the patient be placed to demonstrate urinary structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many degrees should the patient be rotated for the desired oblique projection? |
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Definition
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Term
| To which level of the patient should the IR be centered? |
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Definition
| superior border of the pubic symphysis |
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Term
| To ensure adequate coverage, the IR should be placed lengthwise: t or f? |
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Definition
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Term
| To ensure that the entire urethra is filled, the exposure should be made while the physician is injecting the contrast medium. |
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Definition
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Term
| After the bladder is filled with contrast medium, the voiding film can be exposed with the patient in either a posterior oblique or an upright position. |
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Definition
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Term
| The radiation field should be large enough to include the entire urinary system on all radiographs. |
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Definition
| False, only the bladder and urethra need to be demonstrated in their entirety. |
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