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| 1.In the ideal gas law, pressure gradients are created by _______? |
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| 2.In the ideal gas law, an increase in volume causes what to happen to pressure? |
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| 3.In the ideal gas law, a decrease in volume causes what to happen to pressure? |
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| 4.What P is the atmospheric air pressure outside the body? |
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| 5.What P is the pressure inside an alveolus? |
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| 6.What P is the pressure in the pleural cavity? |
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| 7.Pleural pressure is due to a combination of what? |
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| Lung recoil and chest wall expansion |
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| 9.At the end of expiration, what is the relationship between P-b and P-alv? |
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| They are both 0 – no movement of air |
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| 10. At the end of expiration, what is the relationship between P-alv and P-pl? |
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| P-alv is greater than P-pl (P-pl is -5 cm H2O) |
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| 11. During inspiration, what is the relationship between P-alv and P-pl? |
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| P-pl decreases further (-8 cm H2O) and alveoli inflate |
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| 12. During inspiration, what is the relationship between P-alv and P-b? |
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| P-alv becomes less than P-b, (-1 cm H2O) and air goes into lung down P gradient |
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| 13. During inspiration, air filling the alveoli causes what to happen to P-alv? |
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| Causes P-alv to increase toward 0 |
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| 14. At the end of inspiration, what is the relationship between P-alv and P-pl? |
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| P-pl is still less than P-alv (-8 cm H2O) |
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| 15. At the end of inspiration, what is the relationship between P-alv and P-b? |
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| P-alv is equal to P-b, they are both 0, so no air flow |
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| 16. During expiration, what is the relationship between P-alv and P-pl? |
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| P-pl is still less than P-alv but P-pl does increase toward (-5 cm H2O), this will decrease alveolar volume |
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| 17. During expiration, what is the relationship between P-alv and P-b? |
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| P-alv becomes greater than P-b (+1 cm H2O) air flows out of lung down P gradient |
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| 18. During expiration, air leaving the alveoli causes what to happen to P-alv? |
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| P-alv decreases back toward 0, becomes 0 at the end of expiration |
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| 19. What causes a pneumothorax (lungs collapse)? |
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| When P-pl becomes greater than P-alv |
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| 20. What is it called when P-alv is equal to P-pl? |
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| 21. What is it called when P-alv is less than P-pl? |
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| 22. What type of pneumothorax causes so much pressure to build up in the pleural cavity that it pushes on other structures like the heart and becomes an emergency situation? |
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| 23. What % of dry air is nitrogen? |
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| 24. What % of dry air is oxygen? |
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| 25. If the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen? |
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| 26. If the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of nitrogen? |
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| 27. What happens to the atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes? |
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| 28. What happens to the atmospheric pressure as you go under water? |
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| It increases the deeper you go |
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| 29. What is the partial pressure exerted by gaseous water molecules when they evaporate? |
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| 31. The P-H2O remains constant as long as what else remains constant? |
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| 32. In the body, does P-H2O have to be subtracted from total pressure? |
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| 33. The concentration of a dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to what? |
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| 34. If a gas does not dissolve in a liquid, does it exert a pressure in that liquid? |
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| 35. Which dissolves in liquid easier, CO2 or O2? |
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| 36. CO2 is how many times as soluble as O2 in blood? |
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| 37. If the P-O2 in the air is 160 mm Hg, what is the P-O2 in the conducting zone? |
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| 38. What is the P-O2 in the alveoli? |
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| 39. What is the P-O2 in the pulmonary arterioles? |
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| 40. Since the P-O2 in pulmonary arterioles is less than the P-O2 in the alveoli, which way is oxygen going to diffuse? |
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| out of the alveoli and into the blood |
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| 41. What is the P-O2 in the pulmonary veins? |
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| 42. What is the P-O2 of blood in the left side of the heart? |
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| 43. Why is the P-O2 of the blood in the left side of the heart less than the P-O2 of blood in the pulmonary veins? |
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| because of the physiologic shunt (some bronchial veins draining into pulmonary veins and because of thebesian veins) |
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| 44. If P-O2 is 95 mm Hg in arterial blood, what is the P-O2 in the interstitial space of body tissues? |
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| 45. If the P-O2 is less in the interstitial space compared to the P-O2 in arterial blood, which way is oxygen going to diffuse? |
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| from arterial blood into interstitial space |
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| 46. What is the P-O2 in body tissues? |
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| 20 mm Hg (gradient for oxygen will cause O2 to flow from interstitial space into tissue cells) |
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| 47. Now that some oxygen has left the capillaries, what is the P-O2 in venous blood? |
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| 40 mm Hg - same as the arteriole end of pulmonary capillary |
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| 48. What is the P-CO2 in tissue cells? |
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| 49. What is the P-CO2 in the interstitial space? |
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| 50. Since the P-CO2 in the body tissues is greater than P-CO2 in the interstitial space, which way is carbon dioxide going to diffuse? |
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| from the body tissues into interstitial space |
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| 51. Since the P-CO2 in the interstitial space (45 mm Hg) is greater than the P-CO2 in the arteriole end of capillary (40 mm Hg), which way is CO2 going to diffuse? |
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| from the interstitial space into blood |
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| 52. What is the P-CO2 in venous blood? |
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| 53. Since the P-CO2 in arteriole end of pulmonary capillary (45 mm Hg) is greater than the P-CO2 in the alveoli (40 mm Hg), which way is CO2 going to diffuse? |
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| from the blood into the alveoli |
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| 54. Since some carbon dioxide has left the blood, what is the new P-CO2 in the venous end of the pulmonary capillary? |
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| 40 mm Hg - same as arteriole end of capillary in tissues |
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| 55. If you were lying down, would you have equal blood flow and ventilation throughout the lung? |
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| 56. If you are standing up, where would you have decreased blood flow and ventilation? |
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| 57. If you are standing up, where would you have increased blood flow and ventilation? |
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| 58. What has the greatest effect on perfusion? |
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| level of oxygen in the alveoli (low O2 in alveoli, arterioles constrict, decreased blood flow) |
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| 59. Why would the arterioles constrict if there is a low level of O2 in the alveoli? |
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| body does not want to perfuse a poorly ventilated area of the lung |
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