Term
| 6 organs of respiratory system |
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Definition
| "nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs-alveoli" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| function of respiratory system - 3 |
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Definition
| "oversees gas exchanges between blood and external environment; exchange of gasses take place within the lungs in the alveoli; passageways to lungs purify, warm and humidify incoming air" |
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Term
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Definition
| mucosa-covered projections or lobes on lateral wall of nasal cavity that increase surface area of mucosa exposed to air; they also increase air turbulence in nasal cavity |
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Term
| nasal cavity is separated from oral cavity by… |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hard palate is in the front and soft palate is in the back |
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Term
| nasal cavity surrounded by… |
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Definition
| "ring of paranasal sinuses (located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones)" |
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Term
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Definition
| lighten the skull AND act as resonance chambers for speech AND produce mucus that drains into nasal cavity |
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Term
| olfactory receptors located where? |
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Definition
| in mucosa on superior surface of nasal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| nasal cavity lines with this (except superior part which has olfactory receptors); mosten air and trap foreign particles |
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Term
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Definition
| throat-muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| nasopharynx (superior behind nasal cavity); oropharynx (middle region behind mouth); laryngopharynx (inferior region attached to larynx) |
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Term
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Definition
| paharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in nasopharynx; palatine tonsilsin oropharynx; lingual tonsils at base of tongue |
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Term
| auditory tubes enter the… |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| voice box-routes air and food into proper channels; plays a role in speech |
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Term
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Definition
| "8 rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage, the epiglottis" |
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Term
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Definition
| largest hyaline cartilage of larynx; protrudes anteriorly (Adam's apple) |
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Term
| epiglottis (location and function) |
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Definition
| superior opening of larynx; routes food to esophagus and air toward trachea |
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Term
| vocal cords (vocal folds) |
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Definition
| part of larynx - vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech) |
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Term
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Definition
| part of larynx - opening between vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
| windpipe - connects larynx with bronchi; lined with ciliated mucosa; walls are reinforces with C-shaped hyaline cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| line the trachea; beat continuously in opposite direction of incoming air; expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs |
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Term
| primary bronchi (right and left) - 3 |
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Definition
| formed by division of trachea; enters lun at the hilus (medial depression); subdivide into smaller and smaller branches |
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Term
| difference between right and left bronchi |
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Definition
| "right is wider, shorter and straighter than the left" |
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Term
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Definition
| apex is located near the clavicle and base rests on diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| each lung divided into lobes by fissures--left lung has 2 lobes and right lung has 3 lobes |
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Term
| covering of inside lung surface |
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Definition
| visceral serosa called the pulmonary or fisceral pleura |
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Term
| walls of thoracic cavity (outside of lung) lined with… |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fills area between layer of pleura in lung (visceral and parietal) |
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Term
| 5 respiratory tree divisions |
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Definition
| "primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioli, terminal bronchioli" |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest branches of bronchi |
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Term
| all but smallest branches of bronchioles have… |
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Definition
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Term
| terminal bronchioles end in… |
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Definition
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Term
| respiratory zone includes… (4) |
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Definition
| "respiratory bronchioles; alveolar ducts; alveolar sacs, and alveoli" |
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Term
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Definition
| only place where gas exchange takes place - all other passages are conducting zone structures |
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Term
| respiratory membrane (what happens here?) |
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Definition
| gas exhcnage takes place withing the alveoli in the respiratory membrane--air blood barrier |
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Term
| what lines alveolar walls? |
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Definition
| thin squamous epithelial layer |
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Term
| respiratory membrane consists of… |
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Definition
| "the epithelial cells of the alveoli, the endothelial cells of the capillaries, and the two fused basement membranes of these layers (alveolar walls, capillary walls, and their fusesd basemsent membranes)" |
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Term
| gas crosses respiratory membrane by… |
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Definition
| diffusion - oxygen enters blood; carbon dioxide enters the alveoli |
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Term
| _________ add protection during gas exchange |
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Definition
| "macrophages (pick up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris)" |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid molecule that coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; respiratory gas transport; internal respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| moving air in and out of lungs (commonly called breathing) |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange (O2 loading and CO2 unloading) between pulmonary blood and alveoli |
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Term
| respiratory gas transport |
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Definition
| transport to an from lungs and tissue cells of O2 and CO2 via the blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries |
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Term
| 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) |
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Definition
| inspiration and expiration |
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Term
| events during inspiration (3) |
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Definition
| diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract; size of thoracic cavity increases; external air is pulled into lungs due to increase in intrapulmonary volume |
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Term
| events during exhalation (2) |
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Definition
| "as muscles relax, air is pushed out of lungs; forces expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress rib cage" |
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Term
| normal pressure within pleural space is always… |
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Definition
| negative (intrapleural pressure) |
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Term
| difference in lung and pleural space pressures does what? |
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Definition
| keeps lungs from collapsing |
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Term
| 6 examples of nonrespiratory air movements |
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Definition
| "cough, sneeze, lauging, crying, yawn, hiccup" |
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Term
| normal breathing moves about how much air with each breath? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 factors that affect respiratory capacity |
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Definition
| "size of person, sex, age, physical condition" |
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Term
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Definition
| air remaining in lung after expiration - about 1200 ml |
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume - between 2100 and 3200 ml |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
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Definition
| amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled - approximatley 1200 ml |
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Term
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Definition
| total amount of exhangeable air = TV + IRV + ERV |
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Term
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Definition
| air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli - about 150 ml |
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Term
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Definition
| air that actually reaches the respiratory zone and contributes to gas exchange - about 350 ml |
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Term
| respiratory capacities are measured with a… |
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Definition
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Term
| respiratory sounds monitored with a… |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produce by air rushing through trachea and bronchi |
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Term
| vesicular breating sounds |
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Definition
| occur as air fills the alveoli (soft and resemble muffled breeze) |
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Term
| oxygen movement in the blood during external respiration (3) |
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Definition
| alveoli always has more O2 than the blood; O2 moves by diffusion towards the area of lower concentration; pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 |
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Term
| carbon dioxide movement out of the blood during external respiration (2) |
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Definition
| blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of CO2 than air in the alveoli; pulmonary capillary blood gives up CO2 |
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Term
| 2 ways oxygen is transported in blood |
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Definition
| attaches to hemoglobin molecules inside the RBCs to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2); small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma |
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Term
| 2 ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood |
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Definition
| "most is transported in plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-); small amount is carried inside RBCs on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites than those of O2" |
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Term
| internal respiration is OPPOSITE what occurs in the lungs… |
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Definition
| CO2 diffuses OUT of tissue to blood; O2 diffuses from blood into tissue |
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Term
| activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to brain by which 2 nerves? |
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Definition
| phrenic and intercostal nerves |
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Term
| neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and epth are located in the… (2) |
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Definition
| medulla (sets basic rhythm of breathing) and pons (the pons appears to smooth out respiratory rate) |
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Term
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Definition
| normal respiratory rate (of about 12-15 respirations per minute) |
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Term
| physical factors influencing respiratory rate and depth - 4 |
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Definition
| increased body temp; exercise; talking; coughing |
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Term
| factors that influence respiratory rate and depth - 4 |
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Definition
| physical factors; volition or conscious control; emotional factors; chemical factors |
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Term
| how CO2 levels influence respiratory rate and depth (chemical factors) |
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Definition
| increased CO2 increases respiration rate and depth; changes in CO2 concentrations in blood act directly on medulla centers |
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Term
| how O2 levels influence respiratory rate and depth (chemical factors) |
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Definition
| changes in O2 concentration in blood are detected by chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid artery; these in turn send info to the medulla oblongata |
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Term
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2) |
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Definition
| chronic bronchitis and amphysema |
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Term
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Definition
| "patients almost always have history of smoking; labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe; coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common; most victims retain CO2, are hypoxic and have respiratory acidosis; those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure" |
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Term
| chaacteristics of emphysema (6) |
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Definition
| destruction of alveolar walls; chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis; airways collapse during expiration; patients use large amount o fen ergy to exhale; overinflation of lungs leads to permanently expanded barrel chest; cyanosis appears late in disease |
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Term
| characteristics of chronic bronchitis (6) |
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Definition
| mucosa of lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed; mucus production increases; pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange; risk of lung infection increases; pneumonia is common; hypoxia and cyanosis occur early |
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Term
| 3 common types of lung cancer |
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Definition
| squamous cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma; small cell carcinoma |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of asthma |
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Definition
| "chroni inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages; response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing" |
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Term
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Definition
| oversecreation of thick mucus clogs respiratory system |
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